The Impact of External and Internal Factor - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the The Impact of External and Internal Factor. Answer: Introduction Managing effectively is the basic requirement and need of organizations. Many theorists in the past have formulated different ways to manage and organization that are practiced even today. However, to say that there can only be one best way to manage is a topic of debate. It is important at first to explain management and then proceed towards understanding the different techniques. The essay tries to provide various descriptions of management and explanations by renowned theorists. It also entails the different ways to manage that managers follow are should follow. Further, the essay explains the credibility of the phrase that states there is only one best way to manage. The essay provides critical arguments and evidences that provide valid explanation of the phrase and reasons for peoples thoughts and consequences of this thought. In addition, the essay includes evidences whether the phrase is true or not with valid reasons from credible sources. Describing management Management has been defined in various ways by numerous theorists but it has an inherent definition. It is defined as the process to plan, organize, lead and control people to accomplish organizational targets and objectives. According to Filser, Kraus and Mrk (2013), management refers to the set of rules that direct managers to manage any organization properly. These rules allow the managers to be clear about their roles and responsibilities. Fredrick Taylor probably proposed the earliest documented theory of management in the 19th century. His theory was termed as the Scientific Management Theory. Taylor proposed four essential principles of management that formed the duties and responsibilities of managers. these principles included: Replacing the backdated rule-of-thumb principle and developing scientific ways to assign tasks to individuals Selecting workers and training them as per the scientific ways Cooperating with workers to make sure everything is done based on the established scientific ways Equal distribution of work and duties among managers and workers where the division must be in accordance with the aptness of each task to either the worker or the manager After Taylor, Henri Fayol proposed an advanced theory of management in 1916 that laid the foundation of the modern management studies. He formulated fourteen management principles that included the division of work, authority and responsibility, discipline, centralization and decentralization amongst others. His theory is known as the Administrative Management Theory. Other theorists like Max Weber and Elton Mayo also proposed management theories that came to be known as the Bureaucratic Theory and Behavioral Theory respectively. Overall, Taylors scientific theory of management has relevance even today with the exception of some of its elements. Taylor suggested the one best way to manage and do a particular task that set the base for organizational debates that followed. Ways to manage Mentioned in the previous sections, numerous theories are there that define the different ways to manage. Vaccaro et al. (2012) have pointed out that organizations can have a competitive advantage if they are equipped with the knowledge of proper ways to manage. They have laid emphasis on the leadership aspect of management and stated that it is a key precursor to management innovation. However, todays competitive world demands managers to manage multiple sectors in an organization that ensures effectiveness and efficiency. Schiuma (2012) has defined the importance of the techniques of management with special focus on knowledge management. The author argues that the current business scenario demands advanced improvement in the capability of organizations to gather and manage knowledge. Managing knowledge is hence one of the ways to manage in organizational context. It is but imperative to state that focus primarily on knowledge management might lead to dysfunctions in other departments. Thus, it is important to know the adequate time dedicated to different ways of management. A manager responsible for handling different departments of an organization has to manage various situations. Conflicts, time, knowledge and different people are some aspects that managers have to manage in an organization. Now, it is essential for them to understand the requirements of each aspect and then discover the best way to manage. However, it becomes difficult at times to follow a linear method to manage especially in the current scenario as organizational structures have largely changed. There is only one best way to manage The above stated phrase refers to the notion that organizational management has a uniform style that can improve business performance (Spaho 2013). Many people believe in this phrase and have propagated the same for years. This notion was first brought into light by Fredrick Taylor, as mentioned in the previous section. He believed that in order to increase effectiveness and efficiency of the workers and the organization in general, it is important to reduce conflicts between them. He identified several other reasons for the inefficiency of management that resulted in ineffectiveness of workers. Absence of standard norms for workers and managers to follow contributed to these inefficiencies believed Taylor. Supporters of the Scientific Theory of Management Ehiobuche and Tu (2012) have supported the Scientific Theory stating that the theory has yielded positive results in improving the productivity of organizations. The theory has also worked well for organizations with assembly line systems, argue the authors. In addition, the theory, developed during the post-industrial revolution era managed to provide solid ground for organizations to balance their organizational functions smoothly. Managers had a set of rules to follow and make the workers follow the rules as well. The reward and punishment system also proved to motivate the workers to increase their productivity. Further, the one best way approach helped in producing larger output from workers that were higher in quality as well (Alvesson and Sandberg 2013). This approach also ensured increased wage for the workers as companies started achieving much greater profit. People thus started believing that there is only one best way to manage. The exponents of this approach also further their argument that having a single system of management allows managers to put focus on other important things without worrying about managing workers. Arguments against the one best way approach On the other hand, many criticized this statement and argued that there can never be only one way to manage. The Contingency Theory developed during the 1950s that directly countered the approaches of the Scientific Theory (Amara and Benelifa 2017). One of the major principles outlined in the Contingency Theory is that there can be no best way to manage. Joan Woodwards work marked the inception of this theory, which was based on situational approach to management. Fred Edward Fiedler further developed this theory as a counter to the old management theories. His theory has been applied not only to organizational management but also to behavioral change in education and mental health. The contingency theorists strongly proposed the situational approach and argued that no single design could be deemed as best for all circumstances or situations. Van de Ven, Ganco and Hinings (2013) opine that the Contingency Theory is apt for modern organizations as it provides uniqueness to the manager s to lead an organization. Following a single way to manage might result in poor performances as different organizations have different ways of dealing with things. To give an instance, a pharmaceutical organizations approach to manage a team would certainly be different from a beverage or food company. Using one best way to manage employees in these different organizations might give rise to unnecessary confusion and problems. This might further result in overall poor performance of the organization. According to Kemp (2013), managers who follow dynamic ways to manage their work are mostly rewarded with improved performances and incentives. The author argues that motivating employees to give their best cannot be achieved following a uniform manner. The approaches must be based on the behavioral dynamics, organizational structure and situational demand. Debate over which theory is applicable in modern organizational structure is ongoing. To assert that there is only one best way to manage in todays world would be wrong, as situations have changed (Wadongo and Abdel-Kader 2014). Evidences are there that prove the ineffectiveness of this approach. This approach neglects the humanistic side of the workplace and focuses more on the mechanistic aspect. To say that workers are only motivated by monetary rewards is not correct, as they need emotional motivation as well. Google Inc. is a premier example of the rejection of one best way approach. Conclusion To conclude it can be said that the statement is not completely true keeping in view the present perspective. Many other ways of management are there that can be applied successfully to organizations. However, the statement is true for organizations like computer and car manufacturing, restaurants and hospitals. The essay has given a deep insight into the different notions of management with views from numerous authors. In addition, the different ways to manage have also been highlighted in the essay. Further, the statement has been explained and arguments and theories in favor and against the statement have been presented. The essay tried to analyze critically the different theories of management and the proponents who contributed to these theories. Examples have been provided as well to authenticate the views and arguments made against the statement. However, further readings on the other theories that support the scientific management theory are suggested. 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