Essay Understanding the Nature of Autism - 1337 Words

Autism is a neurobiological disorder that causes discrepancies or differences in the way information is processed (Essential Guide to Finally Understanding Autism). The process of obtaining information affects an individual with autisms ability to do many things. For example, someone with this particular disorder may have more trouble understanding and using language to interact and communicate with people. He or she may also experience difficulty understanding and relating to people, events, and objects in the environment. Autism also affects ones ability to respond to sensory stimuli. Like other developmental disabilities, autism effects can range in the differentiations of severity. A number of factors that make the†¦show more content†¦Many children who have autism also engage in repetitive movements such as rocking or hair twirling, or in self-injurious behavior such as biting or head banging. They also tend to speak later than other children and may refer to themselves by name instead of using ‘I’ or ‘Me’ Autism affects every life aspect of the individual who is diagnosed with this disorder. Tasks such as eating and sleeping that we find to be simple, one with autism can encounter difficulty. There are three basic types of eating problems among children with autism. The first problem is refusal to eat or eating limited amounts of types of food. One with autism may also have problems with chewing, swallowing, gagging, and regurgitating. Also, the individual may begin eating things that are not food and the term for this is pica (Understanding the Nature of Autism). The person caring for the individual with autism needs to do three major acts to help with the intervention of the problem. First, one may need to assess the problem. The one taking care of the autistic person then must organize and provide structure. The location of meals may need to be changes to avoid distraction or the schedule may need to be changed to smaller more frequent meals. New concepts,Show MoreRelatedIs Autism Spectrum Disorder? Essay1335 Words   |  6 PagesWhat is autism spectrum disorder? Autism spectrum disorder is a diagnosis which describes a group of individuals with a common cluster of symptoms, though it is important to note that the degree of severity of these symptoms vary greatly amongst individuals (Speaks, 2011). Autism is a lifelong developmental disorder affecting our communication, our interactions, and processing abilities which co-occur with motor coordination, attention, and physical health conditions which include but are not limitedRead MoreEssay On The Movie Rain Man1315 Words   |  6 Pagesfunctioning autism. How great certain skills are that make him appear as if he has supermen abilities, while also showing the need for adult supervision for other events that unfold in the movie. While sourcing several references what autism is, its characteristics and how to treat it at an early age to get the best functional outcome as an adult. Along with some of dangers that’s face people with autism from the world around them and my own personal reflections on interacting with people with autism. Read MoreThe Link Between Autism And Autism1580 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction There have been several controversies regarding the cause of autism over the years. For example, the main cause was assumed by some to be bad parenting. Today, however, there is general agreement that the symptoms of autism, with the exception of those of abandoned children, are a behavioral response by young children to an organic disease affecting their brains. In fact, it is now generally understood that autism is a complex developmental syndrome representing a heterogeneous group ofRead MoreEssay about Autism Spectrum Disorder and the Theories of Vygotsky1423 Words   |  6 Pagespast decade has acknowledged the impacts of characteristics and life-functioning for individuals on the autism spectrum. Models of support or interventions strategies have been researched but little, or limited practical or resourced models appeared as accessible for families of older youth. The intention of this research paper was to investigate a specific activity group for youth on the autism spectrum. The group runs concurrently with a parent group and is funded through a respite funding provisionRead MoreDeafness And Autism Essay1221 Words   |  5 PagesDeafness and Autism, two distinctively different disorders and disabilities; however common in nature. With Deafness and Autism come challenges and obstacles that have to be faced and ought for to ensure an overall quality of life for the individual. When these two attributes are combined within one individual communication and social interaction can be altered. Understanding the difference between the two disabilities and learning how to equip the individual with the proper tools for communicationRead MoreCommon Chromosomal Abnormalities Associated With Autism1434 Words   |  6 PagesFive other gene disorder that contributes to autism are (1) EN2 (Engrailed 2) involved in cerebellum development. (2) GABR (Gamma Amino Butyric Acid Receptor) regulates brain cell migration. (3) OXTR (Oxytocin Receptor) participating in the response to stress and social skills. (4) RELN (Reelin) involved in neuronal migration in the developing brain. (5) SLC6A4, a serotonin transporter gene† (Johnson, Giarelli, Lewis, Rice, 2013). As a result of all the researches done several chromosomal lociRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )1369 Words   |  6 PagesAutism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) Introduction I don t think people understand how unique children with Autism are or the demands of caring for a child with Autism is. In order to grasp the effect of this disability has on a child or their family it is important to understand the characteristics of a child living with Autism. So for you to understand I will be talking about Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) or Autism in a childs life. I will be talking about what autism is, the history and descriptionRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder : Causes, Characteristics, Implications, And Management Since It Has No Cure Essay1459 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Autism is a disorder that affects social communication skills, speech, intellectual ability and fine and gross motor skills. It is a developmental disorder that is diagnosed during childhood, when diagnosed with this disorder it is expected to stretch throughout life since it has no cure. The disorder is officially known as autism spectrum disorder. This is so because the diagnoses has five spectrum namely; Asperger syndrome, Rett syndrome, Fragile X Syndrome, pervasive developmentalRead MoreTemple Grandin Reflection Paper585 Words   |  3 PagesReflection: Temple Grandin Before watching the movie, I have never heard of it before. I never knew it existed. Temple Grandin is another inspiring movie that I have been glad to have watched. It deals with the autism of a woman and tells the inspiration true story of her. Temple Grandin, a young autistic woman, is extraordinarily gifted. She has a remarkable connection to animals and a brilliant mind. This biopic follows Temple from her late teens -- as she struggles with both her own limitationsRead MoreAutism and Rain Man1505 Words   |  7 PagesAutism and Rain Man In the movies things are portrayed in ways that are supposed to make the movie sell, which means that movies are not always accurate. The movie Rain Man was about a man and his brother, who happened to be an autistic savant. In Rain Man Dustin Hoffman played Raymond, who was a high-functioning autistic savant. In the movie Raymond had routines and rituals that he did; and when his routines were interrupted or he was afraid of something he had a temper tantrum where he would

The Crucible By Arthur Miller - 1681 Words

Reputation can play an important role in our everyday lives. It is how we are defined as people. There is no middle when it comes to reputation, only good or bad. People will act a certain way based on their reputations. Some will go out of their way to the last dying breath to make sure they leave with a good or bad reputation. In one of the recent literature study in class â€Å"The Crucible† by Arthur Miller, Miller uses characterization to illustrate reputation throughout the play. â€Å"The Crucible† takes place in Salem, Massachusetts. It is based upon the Salem witch trails. In â€Å"The Crucible†, we journey through the life of three characters who reputations plays a major role in the play. The three characters are John Proctor, Abigail Williams, and Reverend Parris. When put in a tight situation dealing with life or death, all of these characters choose to keep their reputations rather than save their lives or do the right thing. The preponderance of ha ving a good name is a very prevalent theme in â€Å"The Crucible†. Arthur Miller uses characterization to portray John Proctor’s reputation throughout the play. John Proctor is the protagonist of â€Å"The Crucible†. From the beginning opening act, Arthur Miller characterizes Proctor as an honest man with good morals who tries his very best to do the right thing. He is a well-respected man around the village of Salem, which later causes his good reputation. This is the reason why it is hard for Proctor to give up his goodShow MoreRelatedThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1269 Words   |  6 PagesAt first glance, the playwright Arthur Miller in The Crucible highlights the historical significance of the Salem Witch Trials of 1692, but in fact it is an allegorical expression of his perception of McCarthyism. If the reader has some background information on Arthur Miller’s victimization as a communist, it is evident that the play is a didactic vessel illustratin g the flaws of the court system in the 1950’s. The communist allegations were launched at government employees, entertainers and writersRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1333 Words   |  6 PagesAs the various characters in The Crucible by Arthur Miller interact, the dominant theme of the consequences of women’s nonconformity begins to slide out from behind the curtains of the play. Such a theme reveals the gripping fear that inundated the Puritans during the seventeenth century. This fear led to the famous witch-hunts that primarily terrorized women who deviated from the Puritan vision of absolute obedience and orthodoxy. Arthur Miller presents his interpretation of the suffering by subtlyRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller998 Words   |  4 Pagesmotivated by jealousy and spite. The Crucible is a four-act dramatic play production that was first performed on January 22, 1953. Arthur Miller used dialogue within the characters to cover the multiple themes; conflicts and resolutions, plus the few directions for the different actions of the play. The Salem Witch Trials were intended to be performed as the play however, when read, it can be more carefully examined and broken down to analyze the techniques. Miller, the playwright, uses literaryRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1145 Words   |  5 PagesUnbalance Through The Centuries In Arthur Miller’s play, The Crucible, the author reflects the persecution of communists in America in the 1950’s through a recount of the Salem witch trials. It is often presumed that Miller based his drama directly off of events that were particularly prevalent in the years surrounding the publication of The Crucible- which was released in the year 1953, towards the conclusion of the Korean War. Although there was not a literal witch hunt occurring during this timeRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1063 Words   |  5 PagesIn the English dictionary, there are three definitions of the word crucible. One is a metal container in which metals are mixed and melted. Another is a severe test. But the third definition, and the one that I think fits the best for this book, is a place or situation in which different elements interact to create something new. In my mind, this fits because all of the characters had their little grudges and dirty secrets. But when all th ose seemingly little things interact, they formed somethingRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1285 Words   |  6 Pages Rationale, Morality, Stereotypes, Pressure, Self-Censorship, Unanimity, and Mindguards. Groupthink has also taken place in our history a a country. The play, The Crucible by Arthur Miller is about a the real-life Salem Witch Trials that happened in 1692 - 1693, in Salem, Massachusetts. Some symptoms of Groupthink found in the Crucible are Rationale, Pressure, and Self-Censorship. The Groupthink symptom, Rationale, is described as when victims of Groupthink ignore warnings: they also collectivelyRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller811 Words   |  4 Pages While The Crucible, by Arthur Miller, is only a four act play, it still resembles the format of a five act play. The five-act structure evolved from a three-act structure, which was made famous by Roman Aelius Donatus. Donatus came up with three types of plays: Protasis, Epitasis, and Catastrophe. The five-act structure helped to expand the three act structure, mainly made famous by Shakespeare through his many tragedies. Even though The Crucible contains only four acts, it still has the commonRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1052 Words   |  5 PagesBuddy Al-Aydi Ms.Healy English 9 CP 14th October 2014 The Crucible Essay The Crucible was a novel written by Arthur Miller in the 1950’s. It was written in a format of the play, portraying an allegory of the Salem Witch-Hunts led by Senator Joseph McCarthy. The book is known to have a inexplicable plot. This plot is advanced by multiple characters in the book in order to ensure that the reader maintains interest with the material that is being read. The farmer, John Proctor, would be theRead MoreThe Crucible by Arthur Miller1085 Words   |  5 Pagesopposes the will of the majority is a recurring feature of drama.† Identify such a conflict in a non-Shakespearean play you have studied and show how the dramatist deals with the implications for both the character and the society. Arthur Miller in ‘The Crucible,’ deals with the internal/external conflicts of protagonist John Proctor, during the witch trials of Salem; showing the effects of â€Å"an individual opposed to the will of the majority.† Through the mass hysteria caused by Abigail, corruptionRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller841 Words   |  4 PagesThe Crucible is a chaotic play, throughout this American classic Arthur Miller takes the reader through multiple events of terror and insanity. While creating a great on-stage play, Arthur Miller portrays his life through the events, the characters, and plot of The Crucible. Using vivid imagery and comprehensible symbolism, Miller manipulates the real personalities of the characters and events in 1600 Salem, Massachusetts to create a symbolic autobiography. Throughout this play, the reader experiences

Barn Burning Free Essays

string(171) " of a young mans life who knew what was right and wrong and does what has to be done in the end as conscious would not allow him to continue with his fathers way of life\." Antonio Webb Professor Debra Germany English 2336 14 November 2012 Barn Burning In â€Å"Barn Burning†, a short story by William Faulkner, a boy finds that he can no longer be governed by his father’s ideas and tries to prevent his father from doing further harm, and leaves his family in the process. Sarty Snopes desire is to break away from the moral deficiency of his family life and live life with some resemblance of normalcy even at the expense of never seeing his family again. A growing body of evidence, suggest that humans have a moral sense from the very start of life and family does not instill this moral compass from the very start of life. We will write a custom essay sample on Barn Burning or any similar topic only for you Order Now His father was a man of little or no education who had developed an attitude in life of catering to no one but himself even at the expense of his family. The story begins with Mr. Snopes on trial for burning a neighbor’s barn after sending a black man over for his hog and actually warning the man that hay and wood burn. Shortly afterwards the neighbor’s barn burned and the story begins in a court of the Justice of the Peace. Sarty, is remembering all this and the details of the court room which was actually a storeroom in a grocery store. The man whose barn was burned asks that the boy testify and the judge is hesitant as this was not proper protocol in that time. The man says the boy does not have to testify and the case is dismissed due to lack of witnesses. The boy says he would have had to tell the truth had he been forced to testify even though he has a very real fear of his father. The father actually hits the boy who had defended the family honor by fighting someone in the crowd calling them barn burners. The father knows the boy would have testified and he tells him that they have to stand together against the world. This is obviously a common occurrence in the young mans life and always ends up the same, they are told to move on and never come back. They all gather in their wagon and leave, the wife, her twin sister, his two sisters, and his older brother. They all are afraid of the father and dare not question him or his authority. The central theme of the story begins with the last move when the family moves onto property owned by a Major De Spain and take up residence in a tenant farm house belonging to the major. The boy and the father ride over to the Majors house which is larger than anything the boy had seen in his life he compared the house to the courthouse. As they approach the door the father steps in a large pile of horse manure. The black man at the door tells the father to wipe his feet before coming in and also announces that Major De Spain is not home. The father forces the door open and enters the home, leaving a path of mud on the rug which turns out to be an expensive rug from France. When the Major returns home and discovers the condition of the carpet he rolls it up and takes it to the Snopes residence where he instructs the father to clean it and return it as it was. The father makes the boys and the two sisters, clean the rug and then returns it to the Major. The Major tells Mr. Snopes that he will have to pay twenty bushels out of his labor to pay for the rug. Mr. Snopes takes the Major to court to have his payment overturned. Mr. Snopes thinking that washing it would be sufficient finds out that it is not. The judge shows some leniency reducing the payment to ten bushels of corn and five dollars. The father is not happy with this and decides once again to burn the Majors barn as he orders his son to get the kerosene against his wife’s wishes who says at least send a black man again like you did before. The young boy who by now has decided in his heart that this cannot go on and is restrained by his mother even though the father wants to physically tie him to his bed so he cant warn the Major. The father by now has headed towards the Majors house. The boy breaks away from his mother and heads for the Majors house on foot, arriving there he warns the household about their barn and then runs out the door not knowing where he is headed. The Major rides by him on his horse and somewhere up ahead the boy hears a shot and then two more. The constellations wheeled on. It would be dawn and them sun-up after a while and he would be hungry, But that would be to-morrow and now he was only cold, and walking would cure that. His breathing was easier asleep because he knew it was almost dawn, the night almost over. He could tell that from the whippoorwills. They were everywhere now among the dark trees below them. He got up. He was a little stiff, but walking would cure that too as it would the cold, and soon there would be the sun. He went on down the hill, toward the dark woods within which the liquid silver voices of the birds called unceasing –the rapid and urgent beating of the urgent and quiring heart of the late spring night. He did not look back. Baym,Nina) He knows that his father is torn between love and righteousness and feels sorrow for his father but knows in his heart he can longer live this way of life. While the story never mentions his age, Barn Burning is a sad story of a young mans life who knew what was right and wrong and does what has to be done in the end as conscious would not allow him to continue with his fathers way of life. You read "Barn Burning" in category "Papers" Ho wever this story illustrates how morality is not developed within the family, but something that is instilled within us all in the first early years of life. By the age of six months babies have already developed a strong moral code, according to psychologist. They may be barely able to sit up, let alone take their steps, crawl or talk, but researchers say they can still tell the difference between good and evil. An astonishing series of experiments is challenging the view that human beings are born as â€Å"blank slates† – and that our morality is shaped by our experiences. Instead, they suggest that concepts of good and bad may be hard-wired into the brain at birth. In one experiment involving puppets, six-month-old babies showed a strong preference for good helpful characters-and rejected unhelpful, â€Å"naughty† puppet, some babies went further- and dished out their own punishment with a smack on its head Professor Paul Bloom, a psychologist at Yale University in Connecticut, whose department has studied morality in babies for years, said: A growing body of evidence suggest that humans do have a rudimentary moral sense from the very start of life. You can see some glimmers of moral thought, moral judgment and moral felling even in the first year of life. Some sense of ood and evil seems to be bred in the bones. In one experiment involving puppets, six-month old babies showed a strong preference for â€Å"good† helpful characters- and rejected unhelpful, â€Å"naughty† ones. In another, when asked to take away treats from a â€Å"naughty† puppet, some babies went further—and dished out their own punishment wi th a smack on its head. (Derbyshire, David) Professor Paul Bloom, a psychologist at Yale University in Connecticut, whose department has studied morality in babies for years, said â€Å"A growing body of evidence suggests that humans do have a rudimentary moral sense from the very start of life. You can see glimmers of moral thought, moral judgment and moral feeling even in the first year of life. Some sense of good and evil seems to be bred in the bones† Which is not to say that parents are wrong to concern themselves with moral development or that interactions with their children are a waste of time? Socialization is critically important. But this is not because babies are young children lack a sense of right and wrong; it’s because the sense of sense of right and wrong that they naturally possess diverges in important ways from what we adults would want it to be, Dr Nadia Reissland, of Durham University, said babies start to learn he difference between good and bad from birth. â€Å"Everything hinges on who decides what is normal†, she said. (Derbyshire, David) Infants fall into the preconvention level of moral development according to the theories of Lawrence Kohlberg. This involves two orientations: punishment and pleasure seeking. Infants respond to their environment primarily to seek pleasure and meet their needs. They show joy by smiling, cooing and laughing when they are fed, comfortable and feeling safe. As they grow, they learn to make choices in response to punishment, such as being told no or having an object taken from them. Meeting an infant’s basic needs through consistent care and positive social interactions simultaneously nurtures their moral development and trust in their caregivers. (Smith-Vratny, Lisa) Two noteworthy individuals, Jean Piaget and Lawrence Kohlberg, studied the moral development of children. Piaget looked at how children develop moral reasoning. He found that Two noteworthy individuals, Jean Piaget and Lawrence Kohlberg, studied the moral development of children. Piaget looked at how children develop moral reasoning. He found that young children have a much more primitive understanding of right and wrong behavior than do older children. Piaget determined that younger children judge bad behavior by the amount of damage caused by a person’s behavior. He would tell children a story with a moral dilemma. He would ask them to tell him â€Å"who is naughtier† a boy who accidentally broke fifteen cups or a boy breaks one cup trying to reach a jam jar when his mother is not around. Younger children attributed the â€Å"naughty† behavior to the boy who broke the most cups regardless of the other child’s intent. A huge amount of growth and physical development occurs during the first years of a baby’s life. These early stages of development are critical in laying the foundation for the baby’s future. Therefore, it is important to be aware of the normal development milestones for a baby, and how to encourage his or her learning and behavior. (Huxley, Ron) In conclusion the Snopes family lack of morality clearly influenced Sarty this is evident in the beginning of the story when the boy is willing to lie to insure that his father is acquitted of any wrong doing but somewhere along the way he could no longer contribute to their way of life. Somewhere along the way Sarty realizes everything the family is doing is wrong and its hurting peoples lives. The research indicates that you can see glimmers of moral thought, moral judgment and moral feeling in the first year of life, what happen to the Snopes family along the way that the son would have more moral judgment than the family. This illustrates that family can only develop morality or withdraw away from it; essentially good and evil is something that seems to be bred in the bones. Works Cited Derbyshire, David http://www. ailymail. co. uk/news/article-1275892/Were-born-moral- Babies-tell-good-evil- months. html Bloom, Paul http://www. nytimes. com/2010/05/09/magazine/09babies- t. html? pagewanted=all_r=0 Smith-Vratny Lisa   http://www. livestrong. com/article/180598-moral-social-development-in- infants/#ixzz2C9gL5co8 Smith, Peter   http://www. lifesitenews. com/news/archive//ldn/2010/may/10051009 http://www. essentialbaby. com. au/baby/baby-stages-of-development/th e-moral-life-of-babies- 20100513-v0u0. html Huxley, Ron http://www. christian-mommies. om/ageless/handle-emotions/moral-development-of-children- knowing-right-from-wrong/ Sigelman and Elizabeth A. Rider. Life-Span Human Development. California: Wadsworth, 2003. Caroll E. Izard. Measuring Emotions in Infants and Children. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1982. Heidi Murkoff and Sharon Mazel. What to Expect the First Year. Sydney: Harper Collins, 2009. Jean Piaget. The Origins of Intelligence in Children. New York: International University Press, 1952. Gillies, Christine http://suite101. com/article/the-developmental-milestones- f-a-baby-a314799 Baym, Nina, gen. ed. The Norton Anthology of American Literature. Vol. C,D, and E (a three- volume set) 8th ed. New York:Norton, 2012 http://www. childrensmoraldevelopment. com/index. html Bersoff, David M. and Joan G. Miller. â€Å"Culture, Context, and the Development of Moral Accountability Judgments. † Developmental Psychology2 9, no. 4 (July 1993): 664–77. Schulman, Michael, and Eva Mekler. Bringing Up a MoralChild: A New Approach for Teaching Your Child to BeKind, Just, and Responsible. rev. ed. New York: Main Street Books/Doubleday, 1994. How to cite Barn Burning, Papers Barn Burning Free Essays In William Faulkner’s Barn Burning, ten year old Colonel Sartoris Snopes, is forced to confront an ethical uncertainty that questions his loyalty to his family against the higher concepts of justice and morality. Satoris decision on whether to do right by family or do the right thing according to law are controlled by a life of violence, conflict, constantly overwhelmed of fear, grief and despair. He knows that peace, joy, and dignity are the alluring promises of a different kind of life one that seems far away from the one his father has headed. We will write a custom essay sample on Barn Burning or any similar topic only for you Order Now Abner Snopes, Sartoris father is a serial arsonist who has convinced himself he has rights to unleash his destructive revenge on anyone whom he believes has wronged him. Barely having charges dropped against him for belief that he burned down a landowners barn whom the family were short term tenants, Abner finds himself in a confrontation with De Spain an affluent landowner whom Abner and his family will work for. Sartoris finds himself in the middle of this all trying to decide if loyalty to his family is more important than loyalty to the law is the moral imperative. Sartoris is marked with pride after taking a punch from a boy that accused Abner of barn burning, wanting to believe that his father will turn from his criminal ways he remains loyal to his family standing up to anyone who bad mouths his father. This pride is short lived once Sartoris realizes his father is planning to burn the barn of De Spain after their confrontation about the rug being soiled and mistakenly burned. Sartoris then begins to understand family loyalty comes at to great a cost and to heavy a burden, he then goes on to warn De Spain of the burning. As a result his father is killed presumably shot to death by De Spain. This is a mark of freedom and a chance at peace and happiness even though they still wind up alone. How to cite Barn Burning, Papers

The Impact of External and Internal Factor - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the The Impact of External and Internal Factor. Answer: Introduction Managing effectively is the basic requirement and need of organizations. Many theorists in the past have formulated different ways to manage and organization that are practiced even today. However, to say that there can only be one best way to manage is a topic of debate. It is important at first to explain management and then proceed towards understanding the different techniques. The essay tries to provide various descriptions of management and explanations by renowned theorists. It also entails the different ways to manage that managers follow are should follow. Further, the essay explains the credibility of the phrase that states there is only one best way to manage. The essay provides critical arguments and evidences that provide valid explanation of the phrase and reasons for peoples thoughts and consequences of this thought. In addition, the essay includes evidences whether the phrase is true or not with valid reasons from credible sources. Describing management Management has been defined in various ways by numerous theorists but it has an inherent definition. It is defined as the process to plan, organize, lead and control people to accomplish organizational targets and objectives. According to Filser, Kraus and Mrk (2013), management refers to the set of rules that direct managers to manage any organization properly. These rules allow the managers to be clear about their roles and responsibilities. Fredrick Taylor probably proposed the earliest documented theory of management in the 19th century. His theory was termed as the Scientific Management Theory. Taylor proposed four essential principles of management that formed the duties and responsibilities of managers. these principles included: Replacing the backdated rule-of-thumb principle and developing scientific ways to assign tasks to individuals Selecting workers and training them as per the scientific ways Cooperating with workers to make sure everything is done based on the established scientific ways Equal distribution of work and duties among managers and workers where the division must be in accordance with the aptness of each task to either the worker or the manager After Taylor, Henri Fayol proposed an advanced theory of management in 1916 that laid the foundation of the modern management studies. He formulated fourteen management principles that included the division of work, authority and responsibility, discipline, centralization and decentralization amongst others. His theory is known as the Administrative Management Theory. Other theorists like Max Weber and Elton Mayo also proposed management theories that came to be known as the Bureaucratic Theory and Behavioral Theory respectively. Overall, Taylors scientific theory of management has relevance even today with the exception of some of its elements. Taylor suggested the one best way to manage and do a particular task that set the base for organizational debates that followed. Ways to manage Mentioned in the previous sections, numerous theories are there that define the different ways to manage. Vaccaro et al. (2012) have pointed out that organizations can have a competitive advantage if they are equipped with the knowledge of proper ways to manage. They have laid emphasis on the leadership aspect of management and stated that it is a key precursor to management innovation. However, todays competitive world demands managers to manage multiple sectors in an organization that ensures effectiveness and efficiency. Schiuma (2012) has defined the importance of the techniques of management with special focus on knowledge management. The author argues that the current business scenario demands advanced improvement in the capability of organizations to gather and manage knowledge. Managing knowledge is hence one of the ways to manage in organizational context. It is but imperative to state that focus primarily on knowledge management might lead to dysfunctions in other departments. Thus, it is important to know the adequate time dedicated to different ways of management. A manager responsible for handling different departments of an organization has to manage various situations. Conflicts, time, knowledge and different people are some aspects that managers have to manage in an organization. Now, it is essential for them to understand the requirements of each aspect and then discover the best way to manage. However, it becomes difficult at times to follow a linear method to manage especially in the current scenario as organizational structures have largely changed. There is only one best way to manage The above stated phrase refers to the notion that organizational management has a uniform style that can improve business performance (Spaho 2013). Many people believe in this phrase and have propagated the same for years. This notion was first brought into light by Fredrick Taylor, as mentioned in the previous section. He believed that in order to increase effectiveness and efficiency of the workers and the organization in general, it is important to reduce conflicts between them. He identified several other reasons for the inefficiency of management that resulted in ineffectiveness of workers. Absence of standard norms for workers and managers to follow contributed to these inefficiencies believed Taylor. Supporters of the Scientific Theory of Management Ehiobuche and Tu (2012) have supported the Scientific Theory stating that the theory has yielded positive results in improving the productivity of organizations. The theory has also worked well for organizations with assembly line systems, argue the authors. In addition, the theory, developed during the post-industrial revolution era managed to provide solid ground for organizations to balance their organizational functions smoothly. Managers had a set of rules to follow and make the workers follow the rules as well. The reward and punishment system also proved to motivate the workers to increase their productivity. Further, the one best way approach helped in producing larger output from workers that were higher in quality as well (Alvesson and Sandberg 2013). This approach also ensured increased wage for the workers as companies started achieving much greater profit. People thus started believing that there is only one best way to manage. The exponents of this approach also further their argument that having a single system of management allows managers to put focus on other important things without worrying about managing workers. Arguments against the one best way approach On the other hand, many criticized this statement and argued that there can never be only one way to manage. The Contingency Theory developed during the 1950s that directly countered the approaches of the Scientific Theory (Amara and Benelifa 2017). One of the major principles outlined in the Contingency Theory is that there can be no best way to manage. Joan Woodwards work marked the inception of this theory, which was based on situational approach to management. Fred Edward Fiedler further developed this theory as a counter to the old management theories. His theory has been applied not only to organizational management but also to behavioral change in education and mental health. The contingency theorists strongly proposed the situational approach and argued that no single design could be deemed as best for all circumstances or situations. Van de Ven, Ganco and Hinings (2013) opine that the Contingency Theory is apt for modern organizations as it provides uniqueness to the manager s to lead an organization. Following a single way to manage might result in poor performances as different organizations have different ways of dealing with things. To give an instance, a pharmaceutical organizations approach to manage a team would certainly be different from a beverage or food company. Using one best way to manage employees in these different organizations might give rise to unnecessary confusion and problems. This might further result in overall poor performance of the organization. According to Kemp (2013), managers who follow dynamic ways to manage their work are mostly rewarded with improved performances and incentives. The author argues that motivating employees to give their best cannot be achieved following a uniform manner. The approaches must be based on the behavioral dynamics, organizational structure and situational demand. Debate over which theory is applicable in modern organizational structure is ongoing. To assert that there is only one best way to manage in todays world would be wrong, as situations have changed (Wadongo and Abdel-Kader 2014). Evidences are there that prove the ineffectiveness of this approach. This approach neglects the humanistic side of the workplace and focuses more on the mechanistic aspect. To say that workers are only motivated by monetary rewards is not correct, as they need emotional motivation as well. Google Inc. is a premier example of the rejection of one best way approach. Conclusion To conclude it can be said that the statement is not completely true keeping in view the present perspective. Many other ways of management are there that can be applied successfully to organizations. However, the statement is true for organizations like computer and car manufacturing, restaurants and hospitals. The essay has given a deep insight into the different notions of management with views from numerous authors. In addition, the different ways to manage have also been highlighted in the essay. Further, the statement has been explained and arguments and theories in favor and against the statement have been presented. The essay tried to analyze critically the different theories of management and the proponents who contributed to these theories. Examples have been provided as well to authenticate the views and arguments made against the statement. However, further readings on the other theories that support the scientific management theory are suggested. References: Alvesson, M. and Sandberg, J., 2013. Has management studies lost its way? Ideas for more imaginative and innovative research.Journal of Management Studies,50(1), pp.128-152. Amara, T. and Benelifa, S., 2017. The Impact of External and Internal Factors on the Management Accounting Practices.International Journal of Finance and Accounting,6(2), pp.46-58. Ehiobuche, C. and Tu, H.W., 2012. Towards The Relevance of Classical Management Theories and Organizational Behavior.ASBBS Proceedings,19(1), p.310. Ferri-Reed, J., 2014. Are Millennial Employees Changing How Managers Manage?.The Journal for Quality and Participation,37(2), p.15. Filser, M., Kraus, S. and Mrk, S., 2013. Psychological aspects of succession in family business management.Management Research Review,36(3), pp.256-277. Kemp, L.J., 2013. Modern to postmodern management: developments in scientific management.Journal of Management History,19(3), pp.345-361. Rosemann, M. and vom Brocke, J., 2015. The six core elements of business process management. InHandbook on business process management 1(pp. 105-122). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Schiuma, G., 2012. Managing knowledge for business performance improvement.Journal of Knowledge Management,16(4), pp.515-522. Spaho, K., 2013. Organizational communication and conflict management.Management: journal of contemporary management issues,18(1), pp.103-118. Vaccaro, I.G., Jansen, J.J., Van Den Bosch, F.A. and Volberda, H.W., 2012. Management innovation and leadership: The moderating role of organizational size.Journal of Management Studies,49(1), pp.28-51. Van de Ven, A.H., Ganco, M. and Hinings, C.B., 2013. Returning to the frontier of contingency theory of organizational and institutional designs.Academy of Management Annals,7(1), pp.393-440. Wadongo, B. and Abdel-Kader, M., 2014. Contingency theory, performance management and organisational effectiveness in the third sector: A theoretical framework.International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management,63(6), pp.680-703.