Operations management at Oregon facility Essay

There are a number of problems in the operations at the Oregon Facility which significantly impacts on its production. These problems include growing internal pressure for a new distribution facility in the Pacific Northwest. As well, there are quality related problems in Nebraska as well as material and inventory handling problems which also lead to an increase in production cost. Despite customer service being a very important aspect in the positive growth of any company, the facility is also coupled with customer service problems within its distribution locations where most customers end up wasting a lot of time in picking up their products. All these problems have since led to a decline in the performance. These problems have their significance in that they trigger the divisional research and engineering departments located at these facilities to provide internal consultation for the divisional research and engineering groups. Therefore these departments are motivated to look into the matter thus they can also identify other looming problems before they arise. (Mason & Jablokow, 2006, pp. 78-82). Another significance of the problems encountered in all the three facilities is that these problems enable the use of operation management tools geared towards improving the existing problems by developing ways that lead to significant changes and these impact on the whole facility at large not just the areas facing problems. (Simester, 2006). Solving the aforementioned problems at the T, P and S facilities, will subsequently lead to relative benefits that may subsequently arise. These benefits include the realization of increased performance for the capacity. Increase in their performance may also result to lower production costs and in turn this may also lead to fair prices that may attract the consumers. (Pearson, 2007). Solving the customer service problems means that the customer satisfaction will be raised. When customers are satisfied they are likely to keep on buying products from the Oregon facility and this will increase the facility’s sales volumes.

Prison Healthcare Essay

In researching healthcare in the prison system there seemed to be a definite difference in the type of regulated health care being given or even offered to prisoners. Prisons have state and federal laws that they must abide by in delivering health care services to their inmates. Therefore this paper will discuss the Federal Bureau of Prisons which came about in 1930 and was put together to deliver compassionate and open-minded care for Federal prisoners. In addition, the BOP (Federal Bureau of Prisoners) was implemented to change the prison health care services to be able to offer a more professional type of care. The government agency being discussed in this paper is known as the Federal Bureau of Prisons. The BOP’s head office is located in Washington D.C. and is part of the U.S. Justice Department. The Federal Bureau of Prisons is held accountable for the operation and administration of the federal prison organization. The main reasoning behind the BOP is to deliver a neutr al and sympathetic type of treatment for federal inmates in the United States penitentiary system. The BOP also provides inmates with any health care they may need in agreement with any Federal and State laws. The BOP is in charge of the protection and upkeep of roughly 200,000 centralized prisoners and is accountable for setting the standard for federal prisons dispersed through the U.S. The BOP starts out by deciding where a prisoner should be placed such as; what facility? The next thing BOP would then assess is the level of security needed for the prisoner and what type of counseling he or she may need while serving their time in prison? In addition to counseling services the prisoner will be assessed for any mental health issues at this time as well. After many of these types of questions are answered concerning the inmate the BOP will then assess what type of health care services the prisoner is in need of and too what degree they are needed. An example of this could be if a p risoner is in need of some type of Prison Health Care Agency 3 immediate surgery, then he or she would be put at the top priority level for care needed. These types of questions are quickly reviewed along with administration to determine where the inmate will need to serve his or her time. The reason for this statement is a prison’s inmate capacity along with the level of treatment able to be offered at a specific prison may influence a decision to place an offender at one location over another. According to the United States Department of Justice (2013), â€Å"the Federal Bureau of Prisons are responsible for confining federal offenders in prisons that are safe, humane, cost-efficient, and secure† (Agencies). According to the Federal Bureau of Prison’s (2008), â€Å"as part of these duties, the BOP is able to control health care in prisons by being responsible for the delivery of medically necessary health care to inmates in accordance with applicable standards of care† (Executive Summary). The American Correctional Association has established nationwide principles connected to the safe, effective and professional operation of corrections facilities. These values are vital leaders in regards to the policies and procedures that defend the wellbeing and security of employees and inmates of the prison. These principles are frequently reviewed by a group looking over the standards. The amendments are grounded on decisions based by the court, practice sessions, and constitutional organizations. In order to comply with both federal and state laws, medical facilities or health care services must be provided at prisons and state-run correctional facilities. This type of task would require the combined efforts of several sections within the American Correctional Association which is primarily associated with the Administrative Services, Offender Operations, Support Services, and Health Services. In addition, things such as making financial arrangements for the construction and upkeep of medical faciliti es would fall to the obligation of Administrative Services and the Offender Prison Health Care Agency 4 Operations. In addition the Health Services at a prison are those responsible for the day to day procedures of the prison’s medical treatment centers. To make sure that the health care being provided to prisoners is meeting a high level of quality the American Correctional Association has required and expects accreditation and certification from any agencies regarding the National Commission on Correctional Health Care. The NCCHC healthcare principles and standards are intended to assist things such as; prison healthcare clinics meet international and national standards of basic human rights. By November 29, 2007, the BOP had held 166,794 inmates in approximately 114 BOP prisons at 93 different sites (The Federal Bureau of Prisons, 2008). Also, throughout 2007 the Federal Bureau of Prisons was indebted around $736 million for health care being offered to prisoners in the United States. The Federal Bureau of Prisons continues to deliver health care services to prisoners chiefly by internal medicinal providers working by the BOP or allocated to the BOP from the Public Health Service, and ultimately constricted health care physicians which were the ones’ that delivered wide-ranging treatment or separate health care services offered for a single person (The Federal Bureau of Prisons, 2008). Then with adjusting or controlling the growing prices regarding health care and the various other services the Federal Bureau of Prisons executed resources that were intended to offer additional competent health care to prisoners. The Federal Bureau of Prisons exertions to get some type of control on health care in prisons began by learning the various steps a prisoner must go through before he or she is transferred or sent to their assigned penitentiary. To start off prisoners are sent to a prison established around the level of treatment that is needed by this particular inmate. According to the Federal Bureau of Prison’s (2008) â€Å"the Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General (OIG) initiated an Prison Health Care Agency 5 audit to determine whether the BOP was appropriately containing health care costs in the provision of necessary medical, dental, and mental health care services; as well as effectively administering its medical services contracts and effectively monitored its medical services providers† (Executive Summary). To make sure that federal and state laws are being followed regarding health care facilities being offered at penitentiaries as well as state-run correctional facilities. For something like this assignment to take place would entail the joint efforts of numerous subdivisions inside the ADC, primarily Administrative Services, Offender Operations, Support Services, and Health Services. When it comes to planning and budgeting for the construction and maintenance of health care centers this is ultimately the obligation of the Administrative Services and Offender Operations. Therefore, the health care that is being provided to prisoners must be of a high quality and acceptable. In order to ensure that the quality of healthcare being provided to inmates is of a high quality and above criticism the ADC received certification from a self-governing agency to receive their accreditation which was the National Commission on Correctional Health Care (NCCHC). The healthcare standards that are in place by the NCCHC were envisioned to assist prisons with health care centers for their inmates as well as making sure to meet and follow the international and national principles regarding basic human rights. Inmates of all ages, race, color, creed and nationali ty are able to receive an equivalent standard level of treatment regarding ones’ health that is offered to the public that are not be held behind bars. According to Health Care in Prison (2013), â€Å"This general principle is outlined in Prison Service Order 3200, which states: The Prison Service in partnership with the NHS has a responsibility to ensure that prisoners have access to health services that are broadly equivalent Prison Health Care Agency 6 to those the general public receives from the NHS† (What Healthcare Services is Prisoners Entitled to). This means that prisons already provide health education, patient education, prevention and other health promotion interventions in that general context.† In addition, it is a requirement that each and every prisoner be able to find the penitentiaries’ policy statement regarding the health care services that are offered. In this policy statement it must be able to be viewed in a noticeable spot that is in an accessible location for all inmates. The policy statement must explain in detail what specific primary care, dental and specialist clinical services are available to prisoners, along with who is responsible for providing them (Health Care in Prison, 2013). All prisons must provide the policy statement to any prisoner who requests this information regarding the health care services available to them within a particular time frame. Prison Health Care Agency 7 References: Chen, S. (2009, November). Prison health-care costs rise as inmates grow older and sicker. CNN Justice, (), 1-3. Retrieved from http://articles.cnn.com/2009-11- 13/justice/aging.inmates_1_prison-inmate-largest-prison-systems-medical-costs? Health care in prison. (2013). Retrieved from http://www.aidsmap.com/Health-care-in- prison/page/1503575/ The Federal Bureau of Prisons. (2008). Retrieved from http://www.justice.gov/oig/reports/BOP/a0808/final.pdf The United States Department of Justice. (2013). Retrieved from http://www.justice.gov/ag/

Fast food restaurant Essay

In 1921, after World War 1, vehicles became more popular and more affordable for the middle class; therefore, drive-in restaurants were introduced. Founded by Billy Ingram and Walter Anderson, the American Company White Castle, is generally credited with opening the second fast food outlet and first hamburger chain. Walter Anderson had built the first drive-in restaurant in Wichita in 1916, introducing a low cost and high speed hamburger restaurant. White Castle was tremendously successful from the beginning and produced numerous competitors. Then, franchising was introduced by A&W Root Beer, which franchised its distinctive syrup. Howard Johnson’s first franchised the restaurant concept in the mid-1930s, formally standardizing menus, signage and advertising. Moreover, in 2006, the global fast food market grew by 4. 8% and reached a value of 102. 4 billion dollars. Shockingly, in India alone, the fast food industry was growing by 41% a year. Today, the United States has the main fast food industry in the world, having roughly 2 million U. S. workers employed in the areas of food preparation and food servicing. Leader in the Fast Food Industry: A&W, McDonalds, Subway†¦? The fast-food industry or quick service restaurants are thriving. The food industry is let by fast food restaurants which are responsible for 72. 8% of the whole food industry revenues. In North America, McDonald’s is followed by Subway, Burger King, Wendy’s, Starbucks, Taco Bell, Dunkin’ Donuts, Pizza Hut, KFC. All in particular order to the amount of sales in North America in 2010. McDonald’s is the industry leader, with revenues that are 3 times to the next on the list. They are very much concentrated on low prices and getting the customer as quick as possible out the door, which appeals a lot to families that want a cheap, fun and safe place to eat. In today’s modern society, time is a very essential and limited factor; society is very preoccupied with everything else going on, their eating habits become irrelevant. This is where fast food restaurants such as McDonalds, have a great success preparing their food in record time, making more time for other and more important tasks. Fast Food Trends Over the last decade there has been increased focus on the quality of food served in fast food restaurants. â€Å"New† fast food versus old fast food, which essentially means that throughout the past years, many fast food businesses started to develop. And two â€Å"leagues† of fast food restaurants have emerged. â€Å"Old† fast foods and â€Å"new† fast foods, the old fast foods consist of companies like McDonald’s and smaller companies like Burger King and Yum! Brands (Taco Bell, KFC, Arby’s and Wendy’s). â€Å"New† fast foots are â€Å"Chipotle Mexican Grill†, â€Å"Panera Bread†, â€Å"Five Guys† and Oqdoba all owned by â€Å"Jack in the box† which is a member of the old fast food league. Both leagues have very similar attributes. They both serve inexpensive food in a casual matter while keeping a fast tempo. But the players in the â€Å"new† league have introduced higher-quality menu items, making the consumer’s experience more similar to a traditional restaurant dining casually at a table, rather than being in and out of the fast food restaurant with a greasy bag of food. Typically highly processed and industrial in preparation, much of the food is high in fat and has been shown to increase body mass index and cause weight gain. Popular books such as Fast Food Nation and documentaries like â€Å"Super Size Me† have amplified public awareness of the negative health consequences of fast food. These documentaries have had a huge impact on fast food restaurants who were indirectly obliged to respond to this trend if they wanted to keep most of their clientele. AMERICAN DIETARY TRENDS, BY DECADE | Historical Events| Food Trends of the Time| 1950–1959| – Mothers returning to the home after the war effort – Postwar baby boom – Construction of the national highway system| – Packaged meals available – First TV dinner (Swanson), 1953 – Rise of hamburger chains along highways; Oscar Mayer â€Å"Wiener-Mobile†| 1960–1969| – Growing middle class with money to spend. – Growing social unrest over the Vietnam War in late 1960s| – Introduction of Julia Child’s French cooking – â€Å"Hippies† bring back demand for unprocessed, made-from-scratch foods – Vegetarian trend starts| 1970–1979| – End of Vietnam War – Watergate scandal – Growing inflation – Major influx of Asians due to Immigration Act of 1965| – Continued demand for organic and fresh: â€Å"California Cuisine† – Elaborate dinner parties with ethnic dishes – Growing appetite for Asian cuisine| 1980–1989| – Stock market plummet of 1987| – â€Å"Nouvelle Cuisine† is the thing du jour–diners willing to pay more to eat less – Return to simplicity in late 1980s. – Exploration of different tastes (e. g. , TexMex, Ethiopian, Southwestern)| 1990–1999| – Introduction of the Internet puts foods at consumers fingertips| – Everything reduced-fat, low-fat, fat-free – Naturally healthy cuisines (Mediterranean) – New movement toward simplicity| Segments in Fast Food Industry When observing the fast food industry, it is obvious that restaurants specialize in certain fat foods. In fact, fast food restaurants can be divided in eight categories: Asian food, burgers, sea food, pizza/pasta, snacks, chicken, Mexican food and sandwiches. The different segments distinguishes the direct competitors such as McDonalds and Carl’s Jr. trying to sell/make the best burgers and the indirect competitors such as Quizno’s who specialize in sandwiches and Domino’s Pizza who focuses on promoting their delicious pizza but still tries to sell sandwiches. All fast food restaurants fiercely compete with each other to sell not only their speciality but have the most sales in general. In 2010, as being the leader of the fast food industry, McDonald’s was and is still at the top of the burger category, with more than $32 billion in system wide sales. The winners for the other categories were Taco Bell for the Mexican segment, KFC for the chicken category, Pizza Hut for the Pizza and Pasta brands, and Long John Silver’s winning the Seafood segment. The graph demonstrates the different segments of the fast food industry as well as the restaurants and their rankings. QSR 50 Rank| Company| Segment| 22| Panda Express| asian| 3| Burger King*2| burger| 23| Carl’s Jr. *| burger| 34| Checkers/Rally’s| burger| 33| Culver’s| burger| 16| Dairy Queen*| burger| 30| Five Guys Burgers & Fries| burger| 19| Hardee’s*| burger|. 45| In-N-Out Burger*| burger| 15| Jack in the Box| burger| 50| Krystal*| burger| 1| McDonald’s| burger| 10| Sonic| burger| 27| Steak N Shake*| burger| 4| Wendy’s*| burger| 25| Whataburger| burger| 40| White Castle*| burger| 31| Bojangles’| chicken| 41| Boston Market*| chicken| 11| Chick-fil-A| chicken| 26| Church’s Chicken| chicken| 38| El Pollo Loco| chicken| 9| KFC| chicken| 20| Popeyes*| chicken| 28| Zaxby’s| chicken| 18| Chipotle| mexican| 36| Del Taco| mexican| 44| Qdoba| mexican| 6| Taco Bell| mexican| 39| CiCi’s Pizza*| pizza/pasta| 12| Domino’s Pizza*| pizza/pasta|. 24| Little Caesars*| pizza/pasta| 35| Papa Murphy’s| pizza/pasta| 17| Papa John’s| pizza/pasta| 8| Pizza Hut| pizza/pasta| 43| Sbarro*| pizza/pasta| 14| Arby’s| sandwich| 48| Einstein Bros. Bagels*| sandwich| 42| Jason’s Deli| sandwich| 29| Jimmy John’s*| sandwich| 13| Panera Bread| sandwich| 21| Quiznos*| sandwich| 2| Subway*| sandwich| 47| Captain D’s| seafood| 32| Long John Silver’s*| seafood| 37| Baskin Robbins*| snack| 49| Cold Stone Creamery| snack| 7| Dunkin’ Donuts*| snack| 5| Starbucks*| snack| 46| Tim Hortons1| snack| Own A Fast Food Restaurant: a Bad or Good Idea? It is not a very good and viable industry for anyone to enter. The global economy shifts have been proven to highly affect certain fast food companies. Fast food companies were once thought to be immune to recessions, because of their low prices and fast service because logically in a recession, consumers have to cut spending. Many consumers â€Å"traded down†, from casual restaurants to fast food restaurants because of the cheap BigMacs, Whoppers and $1 value meals. As a result, fast-food chains have weathered the recession better than their pricier competitors. In 2009 sales at full-service restaurants in America fell by more than 6%, but total sales remained about the same at fast-food chains. In some markets, such as Japan, France and Britain, total spending on fast food increased. Same-store sales in America at McDonald’s, the world’s largest fast-food company, did not decline throughout the downturn. Panera Bread, an American fast-food chain known for its fresh ingredients, performed well, too: its boss, Ron Shaich, claims this is because it offers higher-quality food at lower prices than restaurants. Money can be a big problem in terms of starting a business in the fast food industry. Rising prices have also significantly affected many fast food franchises. With food and beverage inputs making up approximately 33% of costs, higher prices for livestock, corn, wheat and more have seriously shrunk margins over the past decade. In such a fiercely competitive space it is impossible to force a price increase on customers, so profit margins are often south of 10%. The recent economic recession did lower commodity prices, but the recession brought on its own complications, and now prices for commodity inputs are on the rise again. Direct and Indirect Competitors. Direct competitors in the fast food industry are the companies that produces and sells an almost identical product which they offer for sale within the same market as those produced by one or more other companies. McDonalds and Burger King compete directly with each other, Wendy’s and A&W also compete directly because they have a very similar product and service. If a customer really wants a burger and fries, he or she will not go at the other end of town just to get to their favorite burger place, they will settle for a very similar product within a closer proximity. Indirect competitors in the fast food industry are the companies or services that are not similar to each other and that share very different characteristics about their product or service. A good example of an indirect competition in the fast food industry could be restaurants such as Swiss Chalet or a sandwich shop and a Panda Express, both are fast food restaurants but they compete indirectly with each other because one customer may want to eat an Asian dish but not wanting to eat a sandwich, this leading to the customer going as far as it takes to go eat an Asian dish. All in all, fast food is not only about a fast service or eating fattening food , it requires a lot of knowledge and time to make these franchises work and make an ever growing profit. Over the past years and the years to come, McDonalds has and will obviously be the number one leader in the fast food industry because of their extraordinary service, delicious food and their 34,000 restaurants all over the world. However, as years go by, obesity is becoming a huge problem as thousands of kids and adults are attained of heart problems, therefore, decreasing the amount of clients who eat fast food yearly. Trends are changing and people are starting to eat a lot healthier realising how significant it is to take care of their body. In the next century, will fast food restaurants become a thing of the past or will they find a way to stay their clients number one’s solution when it comes to filling up their stomach? Only time will tell†¦

Ancient and MEdieval Political Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ancient and MEdieval Political Theory - Essay Example If only ISIS knew Nicomachean Ethics, it may have reexamined its ideological approach and realize that extremism is not the right way to go about in life. Aristotle’s discourse on Nicomachean Ethics prescribes moderation and balance on everything. It posits that anything taken to the extreme, including ideology is never good. According to Nicomachean ethics, nature teaches us that excess can destroy us (Kraut). For example, the basic of function of nutrition must be in moderation that we will only eat according to what our body needs that overeating can make us obese while under eating can make us malnourish. This law of nature also applies to morals – that is, we should exercise temperance and endeavor to achieve and preserve the mean which in plain language meant balance or moderation. Applying this to ideology, it meant that we should exercise moderation in what we believe. If are too extreme or bent or become hardliner, we could commit atrocious acts such as what ISIS is now doing to people. Extremism can also make us intolerant and blind to the perspective of others. This is a very evident in the error of reasoning of ISIS to impose their own brand of Islam of which Islamic scholars themselves dismiss as un-Islamic for nowhere in the Quran does it preach violence, rape and destruction. In their effort to impose their disagreeable perspective, they will terrorize anyone who would not heed them evident with the hundreds of Iraqis they executed when they refused to convert to their brand of Islam. Moderation must also be practiced at all times according to Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics. Using the same example of nutrition, one has to nourish the body in moderation all the time to keep it healthy and make it strong. Obviously ISIS does not do moderation in constancy. What they are consistent about is on their ideology of hate which was borne out of extremism. This explains why terrorism will not just stop easily because the realization that

Intellectual Property Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Intellectual Property - Essay Example It was argued that Topshop had infringed the rights of Rihanna and that consumers were misled into thinking that she had endorsed the use of her photograph on the T-shirt, and this might have led to enhanced commercial sales and consumer confusion, which in turn had damaged her reputation. This is because Topshop’s action may have represented a loss of control of Rihanna in the fashion industry.3 As a result, Rihanna filed a suit against Topshop for manufacturing and retailing T-shirts bearing her photograph without her authorisation. The judge hearing the case ruled in favour of Rihanna. In the United Kingdom, there is no personality right that prevents unfair exploitation, in cases where a party evokes a celebrity’s image.4 Therefore, in the United Kingdom, there is no general right that famous people or any person can enjoy and use to control the reproduction of their images. The law of passing off is used by celebrities to protect their image. However, they have to show that they have goodwill in their image. They also have to show that there has been a misrepresentation, leading to public deception. This was ruled out by Mr Justice Birss who said that consumers of this era have full awareness that music artists take part in merchandising and endorsement in fashion apparel. According to Mr Justice Birss, consumers may not want to purchase products which have been authorised by artists, but they will rather purchase products with pictures on them because they love the look of it.5 One of the key factors that persuaded Mr Justice Birss to pass a ruling in favour of Rihanna was that Topshop, the fashion retailer, had engaged in promotional efforts involving Rihanna. For instance, there was a competition, in which the entrants could win a personal shopping appointment with Rihanna in 2010.6 Also, Topshop sold the T-shirt two weeks after there had been

Art History of 20th Century Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Art History of 20th Century - Research Paper Example Pollok made most of his painting on canvas rather than on the wall, and this was to make them more portable. Most of his works were a mixture of controllable and uncontrollable factors1. Lynda Benglis on her part is an American sculptor and visual artist majorly known for her wax painting and poured latex sculptures. She also used drip style to make her works. She was a professional photographer as she had studied artwork at a college. Given that most of her works were sensual in nature, they were ignored for a long time. Â  Given that Pollok paintings were made on canvas rather than on walls, which is common. His paintings were or portable and could easily move to the museum. This work is significant and, therefore, can be easily seen by those visiting the place. Their placement on the wall at points that it could be viewed easily by people of all heights since it’s not too high or too low. A group of viewers can as well look at it at the same as it is large and full2. Pollok believed that the size of his works had a direct relationship with how and to what extent viewers and he would bond and be part of the painting. Lynda Benglis, on the other hand, made a sculpture that could not be hanging but place on a flat surface for viewing. Her sculpture is smaller compared to the paintings of Pollok. It is only visible to a keen viewer who had the intention of looking for this particular artwork in the gallery. The location of Benglis’ sculpture Batt puts it out of sight and away from other artistic works with which they fall into the same category. The disadvantage to the painter and the lovers of their works as it takes longer to locate them thus according to them with little or no publicity. Â  

The Ballets Russes Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

The Ballets Russes - Research Paper Example Uniting different forms of art one artistic whole that organizes the material and spiritual environment is what artistic synthesis is all about. This concept implies the creation of a qualitatively and new phenomenon or art that cannot then be reduced to the sum of its original component sums. The new product becomes the imaginative, the compositional and the ideological unity of these components that form the various parts. Be they music, painting or dance. The Ballets Russes became the first internationally performing dance company that featured an intricate design by several outstanding artists, a variety of choreographers and a blend of music and beautiful synthesis of art. The common effect in space and time arrangements, the unity of the various components, their proportion, their coordination in scale and the rhythm generate several marvelous and variable artistic qualities. These enhance the apprehension of art and establish an idea that is developed on several planes. The sy nthesis of art has a comprehensive and emotional effect on the person who encounters it, appealing to several of his senses all at once. This concept has had many great educational and social possibilities that have been adopted by a number of productions and performances through the history of performance. There are various syntheses that have been practiced throughout the history of art. For instance, monumental art and architecture have always been united leading to the creation of an artistic synthesis where painting and sculpture, while still performing their own tasks, have also enhanced and interpreted the work of architecture in itself. This form of plastic and spatial synthesis sometimes also includes the decorative art that is applied to bring out the environment of man, his desires and pleasure. It is this aspect of art that the Ballet Russes maximized on. The Ballets Russes There has been a history of synthesis of the temporal arts such as poetry and music that are chara cterized by different genres of vocals such as: popular song, cantata, art song, opera, and oratio. There are several works that have utilized this concept to create an innovative form of art. These include motion picture, theater and of course ballet. Painting, music and dance are synthetic in their own nature. In uniting the creative works of the painter, the singer and the dance, a whole new world of art is aesthetically united (Jordan & Lopukhov, p. 24). These are the possibilities that were utilized by the Ballets Russes. The Ballets Russes, also known as the Russian Ballets, was a travelling ballet company from Russia that performed from 1909 to 1929 in several countries. It was directed by Sergei Diaghilev and is regarded as one of the greatest ballet companies, if not the greatest, in the 20th century (Brewer, Diaghilev’s Golden Age; Culture24.org). His work was based on the philosophy that â€Å"art is free and life is paralyzed.† It is important to note that by this time, Diaghilev had already enjoyed success in Paris a year before, in 1908 before his company originally started to perform. In that year, he presented to the Parisians a season of the Russian art, their music and opera. It is this presentation that got him the invitation the following year to present ballet and opera. The dancers of Ballets Russes came from the ballet school in St. Petersburg, the Imperial Ballet. After the Russian Revolution several Russians were exiled to Paris. This formed the training ground for the next generation of dancers. They featured a variety of works from a variety of artists. When the director died the company’s dancers scattered and its assets were claimed by creditors. It was later revived under the name Ballet Russ de Monte Carlo by Colonel Wassily de Basil and an associate Rene Blum in 1932. The company combined new art, dance and music and created a sensation that reached all the corners of the world.

Educational Psychology Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Educational Psychology - Article Example In addition, online education system is perceived as a mode that offers low-cost education in a flexible program within a limited time span in contrast to the traditional methods of classrooms. The blended/hybrid course applies both traditional and online methods. This delivery is used for practice and real application in that the student is face-to-face with a trainer who can rectify wherever wrong (Hill, 2012). Many university heads in United States have found it useful in incorporation of online studies in their institutions. The senior leaders claim that the online education should be considered as a strategic plan in every university. For example, the university of Virginia board of governors has pressured the introduction of online causes (Hill, 2012). The finding in this article is effective since the researcher used a quantitative method. Education psychology as a field is involved in education and psychological development of children and the young people within the home, school or community at large. The Bible claims it very clear that children are gifts from God (Psalm 127:3). Moreover, it claims that everybody has his or her own talent. Therefore, a child whose talent is not academically suited will incur some problems in studies. For example, a child may be blessed in sports activities. Such child may be poor in academics. Education is identified as the key to success and good communication. Therefore, such unprivileged children should be helped in a special way for them to improve their academic performances. Education psychologists should posses’ specialized skills in order for them to work positively with the children in nurturing of their learning, behaviors and social stability. Educational psychologists are trained to handle children depending on their needs. They train in child development, learning psychology and teaching skills. They take time studying children’s functional

Effective approaches in leadership and management Essay Example for Free

Effective approaches in leadership and management Essay Healing hospital paradigm represent the whole health care system which mainly focus on the whole recovery of the body mentally physically and spiritualy.The traditional style of cure model is only to eradicate the disease. But in the case of healing health it mainly focus on the total wellness of the entire body by addressing the patients emotional and spiritual needs.There are three major important elements in the hospital paradigm.They are loving care healthy healing surroundings and the technology. In this paper we are going to discuss the elements and challenges of the healing hospital when we implement the healing environment. Components of the healing hospital Patients curing environment is the most highlighting element of the healing hospital paradigm.It always concentrate on the care of the patient, the atmosphere of the hospital while on treatment (Samueli Institute ,2010).In the case of healing hospital paradigm it is not only restricted on the patient’s treatment or the diagnostic procedure nor the medicine but also it consider the patient’s health care person or the care giver or even the family members in the progression of cure.This theory is based on the knowledge that a patient’s full recovery connect with the patient’s emotional and spiritual well beingness.Healing hospital paradigm states if a whole person is to be okay it needs to be his physical body and all its parts ,the mind and the spirit must be healthy.Therefor healing hospital perception , the treatment of a patient is with compassion and a culture of concern and fundamental loving. Under healing hospital paradigm, health care practioners have to support physical wellness as well as the mental health of the patient instead of only taking care of the treatment of the illness or disease(Baptist healing trust).It is important to prepare the patient mentally to receive the treatment. Health practioners need not only show their skills in the treatment but also have to show their ability to deliver their loving care and make extra step to make the patient feel more better(Samueli Institute ,2010).Showing compassion to the patient is also a way of meeting their needs of mental and spiritual needs. Healing physical environment is the second element of the healing hospital paradigm.It clearly says the physical environment is very important for the healing process of a patient(Samueli Institute 2010).Rest is very important in the healing process. A hospital environment supposed to be very calm and quiet in order to make the patient feel better.Eventhough the hospital are provided information about keeping silence inside the hospital ,many of the hospital surroundings are characterized by noisy environment with the nurses spectra link phones,pagers,and nurses conversations. On the top of that family and relative gatherings in the corridors of the hospitals. These challenges always a matter for the entire patients recovery. Most hospital are facing these challenging situations and cannot make a comfortable stay of the patient. The healing paradigm came up with some suggestions which includes providing an relaxing environment by the hospital that improves the service level of the hospital and improve the patients satisfaction. Entertainment program for the patient and decent meals also provides greater satisfaction to the patient. Work design and the technology is the third component of the healing hospital paradigm. Healing hospital has to have a well advanced work design which help the health professional to deliver quality care.(Samueli Institute 2010).Healing has the technologies which aid the patient to have competent service,confidence,cost effective, and confidentiality in their treatment. Patient get satisfied with these psychological needs and which proceed to have a fast recovery from their disease. Healing hospital participate with the patient with their advanced technologies and design to meet such needs. The modern technology and design helps the health practioners to work without difficulty and provide better care that can proceed to an effective healing development to the patient. Challenges involved in implementing a healing environment There are number of challenges to implement the noble concept of healing hospital in the traditional hospital settings.One of the main challenges to implement the noble concept of the healing hospital in the traditional hospital is to do with the finances(Geffin,2004).To provide the healing environment need a huge amount of investment.To provide the advance technology ,recruitment of the skilled people and their training need a big amount of money. Requirement of investment in facilities and technology is necessary to make sure that the hospital physical environment has been incorporated with the healing process. Also it is very important have a terms of mind set ,ability and culture of medical practioners in order to provide a devoted and sympathetic care in regards the requirement of the hospital healing paradigm.It must be a discouraging job for the traditional hospital authorities to accept such expensive projects. One of the other main challenges to implement the healing concept is the legal problems. Hospitals must have already many legal challenges including higher rate of court cases and problems with the insurance. Since this perception is not yet fully activated in the health care the healing concept also may attract the people to file court cases.One of the challenges in these concept is the current employ organizations. The current system treat the employees in a graded system. But the healing hospital system treats all the employees equal. There are philosophical challenges also can see in this. The treatment model is exactly different in the old traditional style .They only focus on eliminating the disease by using the scientific methods and procedures. But the healing hospital always give importance to physical mental and spiritual needs of the patients. This type of treatment based on the patients beliefs and values. Conclusion Holistic approach to the health care is the main element in the healing hospital paradigm.It is a concept of entire wellbeing of a patient. Not only curing or treating the disease but also taking care of the entire physical as well as emotional and spiritual needs of the body by using healing physical environment and high advanced work design and technology. There are challenges to bring this in to live .This assignment discussed about the elements of healing concept and its challenges to bring into practice. View as multi-pages

Designing The Perfect Leadership Development Experience Education Essay

Designing The Perfect Leadership Development Experience Education Essay Leadership development is improving the qualities of leadership. This can be achieved by Planned and systematic efforts (Groves, 2007 cited in Amagoh, 2009). Leadership development programme is similar to the learning organization concept which focus on facilitating change, empowerment, knowledge sharing, opportunities for learning development and promotes leadership development. (Amagoh, 2009) Nowadays companies struggle with leadership development. They send the top performing employees to attend few leadership development workshops seminars and expect the participants to be the leaders in a week or so. This does not work as expected since personals have different characteristics and abilities. National wide financial have found four kinds of people who engage in this type of development programmes. They are reluctant leaders who have all the necessary skills to be a manager but not confident that they would be effective leaders. Second type is arrogant leaders who believe they have all the leadership skills but lack those skills. Third category is unknown leaders who have the right leadership skills but since they are not good at developing relationship, they fail to be selected as effective leaders. Finally the workaholics which we come across very often (Griffin, 2004). In my individual leadership development programme I have to first identify myself among the four types. Even though occasionally I have played the role of a leader, it makes me to think whether I could be in a leaders position of an organization? This more sounds like a reluctant leader. Initializing the development programme can be based on major leadership traits, which are intelligence, self-confidence, determination, integrity and sociability. Intelligence Studies found that leaders have higher intelligence compare to non-leaders (Zaccaro, Kemp and Bader, 2004, cited in Northouse, 2007). Intelligence helps in solving the critical problems effectively. I believe intelligence partly come from birth and partly by continuously involved in activities which could boost it. This can also be acquired by observation. Self-confidence This is one area which I focus to improve that in turn will help in chairing an organization. Leadership is all about influencing the followers in order to achieve the vision. Self-confidence is necessary to assure that the way leader influence is appropriate. Determination This includes initiative, persistence, dominance and drive (Northouse, 2007, p. 20). Determination will direct the followers in a desirable path in order to achieve the vision. Integrity This refers to honesty and trustworthiness. Developing the integrity skills will enable confidence in others, which in turn enables delegation, and thereby followers feel ownership and motivated. Sociability Leaders one of the main tasks is to develop and maintain relationships within and outside the organization. Therefore, skills such as being friendly, outgoing, courteous, tactful and handling issues diplomatically are essential to be an effective leaders. Stevens, (n.d. p.42) says managers wear square hats and learn through training. Leaders wear sombreros and opt for education. Some of the learning through education to become an effective leader are understating, generating ideas, questioning, looking for processes rather than content, initiating strategies, long term focus, risk taking, open minded, skill of imagination, etcà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ therefore the leadership development programme should highlight the above aspects. Bennis, (2009,) says on becoming a leader the first thing is to identify is knowing yourself. He has also identified four lessons of self-knowledge (Bennis, 2009, p.52) You are your own best teacher Accept responsibility. Blame no one You can learn anything you want to learn True understanding comes from reflecting on your experience I would say the basic mantras for me to become a leader will be the above four lessons. I would also use integrated solution approach and some other common senses. Integrated solution approach This includes eight steps (Weiss and Molinaro, 2006, cited in Amagoh, 2009). Developing a comprehensive strategy for development Designing the development activities according to organizational and global challenges. For example, compare to the earlier days the social interaction among different nationalities are a must in order to perform as an effective leader. Being in Dubai, in a routine basis we would meet around 180 nationalities where each of them are different. According to Bennis (n.d., cited in The emirates center for strategic studies and research, 2002) the new leadership should understand and practice the power of appreciation, keep remind the people of what is important and generate sustain trust. Use the leadership stories. This is one of the excellent learning which I consider. Reading and understanding different leaderships styles and world-class leaders way of leading will help in enhancing the skills of leadership. Understanding both global and local individuals needs. Using emergent design and implementation will also enable development. Understanding the culture. Focusing on critical moments of leadership life cycle. Applying a mix of methodology will enable development. On top of the above, importance have to be given for personal growth, understanding the concepts, learning through feedbacks and mistakes, skill building, etcà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ will also enable development (Allen and Hartman, 2008, cited in Amagoh, 2009). In answering, How would you know it was effective, I would say if the leadership effectiveness is achieved, it is obvious that leadership development plan was effective. And on the other hand we should also understand leadership development is not one time learning rather it is an ongoing learning process. Therefore, any inefficiencies or neglected skills once identified can be learned. The way we do business around the globe has changed in past dramatically and it is also evidence that the change is continuing. To cope up with the challenging dynamic world leaders has to continuously sharpen their skills. One of the example which I would quote is the professional organizations like CIMA (UK) and ACCA (UK) have introduced programmes called CPD (continuing professional development) to keep members connected with the current and changing world. Leadership effectiveness can be defined as successfully influencing followers in order to achieve the organizational vision (Vardiman et al, 2006; Bodinson, 2005 cited in Amagoh, 2009). Effective leadership is one of the competitive advantages of an organization. In addition, the effective leader determines the organizational performance and growth who are expected to establish vision and strategies, maintain relationship and manage change in order to ensure the organizational growth and survival within the competitors. In conclusion, leadership development programme has to be designed by considering various aspects and skills needed to be an effective leader. In addition, continues progress monitoring and identifying lacking skills will enable to plan the next step of the development programme. We should also understand and accept the fact leadership development is not a one time learning but it is a lifelong learning. Sangeeven

The Relationship Between Political Democracy And Economic Growth Economics Essay

The Relationship Between Political Democracy And Economic Growth Economics Essay The relationship between political democracy and economic growth has been a center of debate in the past fifty years. A corpus of cross-country research has shown that the theoretical divide on the impact of democratic versus authoritarian regimes on growth is matched by ambiguous empirical results, resulting in a consensus of an inconclusive relationship. Through this paper challenges this consensus. In contrast to the current consensus, we show that once the microscope of analysis is applied to the accumulated evidence, it is possible to draw several firm and robust conclusions regarding democracy and economic growth. Supporter of democracy argue that the motivations of citizens to work and invest, the effective allocation of resources in the marketplace, and profit maximizing private activity can all be maintained in a climate of liberty, free-flowing information and secured control of property ( North, 1990). Democracies can limit state intervention in the economy, are responsive to publics demands on area such as education, justice and health, and encourage stable and long run growth (Rodrik, 1999, Lake and Baum 2001, Baum and Lake 2003). Opponents of democracy, on the other hand, argue that democracies lend themselves to popular demand for immediate consumption at the expense of profitable investments, cannot be insulated from the interest of rent-seekers, and cannot mobilize resource swiftly. Democracies are said also to be prone to conflicts due to social, ethnic and class struggles. While some authors favor authoritarian regime to suppress conflicts, resist sectional interests and take coer cive measures necessary for rapid growth, others remain overall skeptical on whether regimes, rather than markets and institutions, matter for growth (Bhagwati 1995). Actually, there are millions of journal articles on the internet regarding to the topic of democracy and economic growth, and in order to get those articles, Google scholars and others journal websites are used to download those to read. Moreover, I use the snowball technic to keep on trace of the best sources. For example, when I found the best source, I look at its references, and then I followed the old references or foot notes of each best source to get more best sources. Since some journals are not free for download, I somehow need to spend money on the journal website in order to get the sources. Moreover, in term of getting best sources from the Google or Google scholar, I typed the only the key words of the topic of research. For instance, instead of using economic growth, I can use economic development, or Gross nation products of each nation. What is more, in order to limit the number of sources on the net, I used the quotation mark, plus sign, or equal sing around the word finding. Importantly, even there are a lot of website that can provide the best convincing information regarding to the topic, I still looked and priority on the famous websites before selecting the sources. Meanwhile of the finding and selecting the best sources, I scanned all the sources to get the overall ideas-what those resources mean to the readers, and in specific skill of selecting the best sources, I just looked the abstract part, and jumped to the conclusion. By doing that, I can pretty sure that I can comprehend what the papers want to be told. Then, I look at those finding, methodologies, limitation, and discussion sections to analyze, find the strength and weakness, and to critic them in the right ways. Of course, even the general knowledge of the researchers seem to be so higher than me, and in order to critic them, I need to read what the fallacy of the research are. For example, some researchers might give their own judgments which cannot be applied in some extend, and some analyzed only in the present by ignoring the past. Beside this, in order to produce this paper, first of all, I need to do a lot of extensive reading on the found sources to select the best source. During the reading, I also quoted regarding to the theme which I was prepared on the time of literature reviewing. Once I had done all the reading, I started to type all the important information to each belonging theme or coding, then I read those information which came from many different scholars to get the common sense of idea on one particular point, so by doing it back and forth with a serious attention, Finally, I can produce this research paper which can summary all the main ideas of the existed sources. Therefore, this paper presents an analysis on the democracy-growth relationship, based on 10 published studies. It is an important step to addressing the deadlock on the democracy growth relationship. The literature need such as urgent comprehensive assessment on the issue in the wake of massive democratizations for many developing countries. Reviews of this literature and many authors who have contributed to it, state that the association is inconclusive. Faced with a diverse set of conflicting results, they are unable to conclude whether the association is positive, negative or non-existent. We find that once all the available evidence is considered, holding research design differences constant, the evidence does not point to democracy having a detrimental impact on growth. Moreover, this critic paper will be able to conclude that the effect is not inconclusive. There is, indeed, a zero direct effect of democracy on growth. Second, democracy has a significant positive indirect effe ct on growth through human capital accumulation. In addition, democracies are associated with lower inflation, reduced political instability and higher levels of economic freedom. However, there is some evidence that they are associated also with larger government and more restrictive international trade. Third, there are region-specific effects on the democracy-growth relationship. Particularly, the growth effects of democracy are higher in Latin America and Lower in Asia. This research paper also that much of the variation in results between studies does not reflect real underlying differences in the democracy-growth association Rather it is owing to either sampling error or the research design process. Raresh Kumar Narayan and Russell Smyth. Democracy and economic growth China: Evidence from counteraction and causality testing. Review of Applied economics, Vol. 2, No, 1, (2006): 81-89 To examine the relationship between the democracy and economic growth in the peoples Republic of China over the last three decades. Actually, China represents an interesting case in the debate over the relationship between the democracy and growth. This study was used the short and long run effect of democracy on the china within a production function framework by following the methods of error correction mechanism, and Granger Causality tests-testing between the labor and capital, and most studies by economist have tested for correlation between democracy and economic growth and have failed to adequately address the issue of causation, and using the Granger causality tests to explore the effects of shocks of democracy and economic growth beyond the sample period through the use of variance decomposit ion analysis and impulse response functions. While labor and capital can defined the core relationship between democracy and economic growth, real GDP and income of people are also the factors, and this study found out the democratization in China is impossible, and it can be true since the China never experience of being democracy. Moreover, economic growth of china is not because of democracy theories, but its own political culture, and its own indigenous development model. Meanwhile, real income and real GDP of each nations are also the factors for democracy growth too. Actually, according to Paresh Kumar Narayan, and Russell Smyth. (2007), who conducted the similar studies, examined the relationship between the democracy and economic growth in 30 Sub-Saharan African counties, supported the Lipset hypothesis. This study used the real GDP Granger to explore the cause of democracy and an increase in GDP results in an improvement in democracy. In the long run democracy Granger causes real income and an increase in democracy has a positive effect on real income, which is found for Bostwana with the freedome house data and for Madagascare, Rwanda, South Africa, and Swaziland. However, Hristos Doucouliagos and Mehment Ulubasoglu.( 2006). Democracy and Economic Growth: A Meta-Analysis. School Working paper-economic series 2006: Deakin University. This research paper is to explore the inconclusive relationship through a quantitative assessment of the democracy growth literature and use meta-regression as the methodology to analysis by collecting all the existed literature review to conclude the impact of democracy on economic. The strength point of this study was that this study concerned many variable at the same time. For example, it looked beyond the theories, the democracy in the past and the present, and so on. In addition, Elias Papaioannou and Gregorios Siourounis. (2004). Democratization and Growth. Job market paper: London business school. This research study challenges the empirical finding that democratic institution has direct effect on economic growth by using the before-after event study approach, and controlling the permanent democratization in the specific time. The strength of this study is that it study the long trend, omit the unrelevent variable, and observe the change from one time to other time of the variable affecting the democracy, but the weakness of this research article was that it didnt distinguish between different types of autocracy for example left or right wing dictatorship and democracy -presidential or parliamentary. Noam, L and Kanta, Murali. ( 2009). Does economic development explain democratic development?. Annual meeting at the Midwest political science association. This study explore the relationship between economic and democracy by using the modernization theories to analysis, and observing those change over time. The finding of this study seems to be able to apply for the new current democracy system, but it lacked of concerning about the democratization process in the past. This research study have found out the when there is economic growth, the democratization process will come as well, and according to my perspective, this assumption can be true since when one country has a high economic growth, that nation will prioritize on the domestic affair, freedom and the growth rate of the middle class. Moreover, the longer period of time, there will be positive effect of democracy, democratization growth, and economic development. Christian. H. ( 2010). Inequality, Economic development and democratization. University of Rochester. This research concerned about the inequality, income distribution of the economic sphere and took that variable to analyze the relationship between democracy and economic growth. However, this study focused on two theories-modernization and inequality theories, which was quite similar to Noam, L and Kanta, Murali. ( 2009). The strength assumption of this study was that when there is economic growth, autocracies more or less will change their political system as well in some extend, but this assumption also failed since some rich autocracies are not more likely to become democratic ( Przeworski and Limongi 1997; Prazewoki et al. 2000). Moreover, this study concluded that democracy inequality harms democratization. Of course, in the case of some nations, when there is class tension-between the level of middle class, there will be social clash, which lead to autocratic state more than d emocracy. What is more, this study fail to analyze other variable beside income inequality since economic crisis, the complexity of democracy system are also the cause of authoritarian shift. The availability of data and econometric techniques enables all the researchers to investigate these issues empirically. However, the empirical findings span a continuum of negative, insignificant and positive estimates, creating a conundrum. For instance, the distribution of results that we have compiled from 470 regression estimates from 10 democracy-growth studies shows that 16% of the estimates are negative and statistically significant, 20% of the estimates are negative and statistically insignificant, 38% of the estimate are positive and statistically insignificant, and 26% of the estimates are positive and statistically significant. This can be implied that three-quarters of the regressions have not been able to find the desired positive and significant sign. It also implies that around half of the regression models have found statistically significant estimates while the other half found statistically insignificant estimates. Such different results are not surprising because research question posed are narrow and approach the issue from different dimensions. For instance, while certain studies focus on the physical investment channel between democracy and growth, others look at the human capital or political instability channels. Likewise, certain studies present structural estimates of a well-defined model, whereas other focus on the empirical regularities in the data. Thus, the question is perplexed with a continuum of estimates, which differ due to data sources, estimate methodologies, sample composition, and time periods. The structure of this paper will be followed by the brief review of the key theoretical arguments behind a democracy-growth association, the effect of democracy on economic, the effect of economic on democracy, and conclusion of the research paper. Theoretical Arguments: Traditional perspective: Does political democracy cause the economic growth? To Hobbes (1651), absolutist regimes were more likely to improve public welfare simply because they could not promote their own interests otherwise. Similarly, Huntington (1968) also argues that democracies have weak and fragile political institutions and lend themselves to popular demands at the expense of profitable investments. Democratic governments are vulnerable to demands for redistribution to lower-income groups, and are surrounded by rent-seekers for directly unproductive profit-seeking activities (Krueger 1974, Bhagwati 1982). Non-democratic regimes can implement the hard economic policies necessary for growth, and suppress the growth-retarding demands of low-income earners and labor in general, as well as social instabilities because of ethnic, religious, and class struggles, and Democracies cannot suppress such conflicts. In term of economic progress, markets should come first and authoritarian regimes can more or less e asily facilitate such policies. Moreover, some level of development is a pre-requisite for democracy to function properly ( Lipsets 1959 hypothesis). In short, this view implies that political democracy is a best product that cannot be afforded by developing countries. Other proponents of the conflict view and stricter state command on the economy include Galenson (1959), Andreski (1968), Huntington and Dominguez (1975), Rao (19884-5) and Haggard (1990). The conflict view became more debatable after the growth success stories in South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Singapore in the 1950s and 1960s. The argument rest on several assumptions, the main one of which is that if given power, authoritarian regimes would behave in a growth-friendly manner. In that regard, server contrasting cases are provided where dictators pursued their own welfare and failed in Africa and the Socialist world ( de Haan and Sirermann 1995, Alesina et al. 1996). Proponents of democracy, on the other hand, argue that rulers are potential looters (Harrington 1656) and democratic institutions can act to constrain them. Most of the assumptions of the conflict view can be refuted with good reasons. Implementation of the rule of law, contract enforcement and protection property rights do not necessarily imply an authoritarian regime. In addition, Bhagwati (1995) argues that democracies rarely engage in military conflict with each other, and this promotes world peace and economic growth. They are also more likely to provide less volatile economic performance. Finally, de Haan and Siermann (1995) note that a strong state and an authoritarian state are not the same thing. However, markets can deliver growth under both democratic and authoritarian regimes. The modern perspective Actually, the political democracy-growth can be seen more precise and focused today. Theory has moved away from traditional conflict with compatibility arguments, because different aspects of the broader institutions-growth problem have been identified. For instance, many researchers have separated economic democracy from political democracy. Factors like protection of property rights, business, credit and labor market regulation, which were previously attributed to political democracy, are now being treated as part of economic democracy. Analysis of economic freedom indicators from the Fraser institute ( by Gwartney and Lawson 1996, 2000, 2003) and the heritage Foundation ( by ODriscoll et al. 2003) has shown that economic freedom, with also its other aspects, is equally relevant to growth. Recently, the world bank introduced the Doing Business aspect of institutions problem. In particular Djankov et al ( 2002a, 200b, 2005), Djankov, McLeish and Shleifer (2005), and Botero et al (2 004) benchmarked business regulations and quantified the easiness of private sectors activity in the economics based on labor hiring and firing practices; ease of starting, registering and closing business; protecting investors and enforcing contracts; and dealing with license and paying taxes. At this point one may feel that dissecting these aspect from political democracy reduce its scope to multi-party and free election only. Of course, political democracy is more than free and fair elections. First, empirical evidence shows that all the aspects of the institutions made precise above, i.e., economic democracy, governance and private sphere in the economy have high correlations with political democracy. In other words, the mere existence of participatory democracy implies the broader institutions conducive to growth. Secondly, various studies find that political democracy has enormous indirect effects on growth through human capital accumulation, income distribution, and political stability. In addition, Sturn and de Haan (2001) find that the presence of democracy in a country positively affects the level of economic freedom. Thus, on the question of political democracy and growth, one should remember the broader associations that encompass the channels, or the indirect effects, between democracy and growth rather than one to one causation from regime to growth. Thirdly, as Bhagwati( 1995) and Rodrik (2000) point out, democracies provide higher quality growth through various means. Rodirk puts it in the following way: participatory democracies enable a higher-quality growth by allowing greater predictability and stability in the long run, by being stronger against external shocks, and by delivering better distributional outcomes. Democratic institutions would help market function perfectly, as is assumed in neoclassical economic models. As an extension to such argument, the volatility channel has also been shown to be an important indirect effect of democracy on growth. Non democratic regimes are not a homogenous lot ( de Haan and Siermann, 1995, Alesina et al. 1996, Alesina and Perotti 1994), whereas democracies are more homogenous and can provide stable economic progress. Effect of democracy on Growth: Sirowy and Inkeless (1990) suggest that there are three major views on the effects of democracy on growth with their label the conflict, and the compatibility and the skeptical. The conflict thesis suggests that democracy and economic growth are incompatible because elected officals longing for popular approval make shortsighted decisions designed to maximize whose objective is to divert resources from productive activities in favor of immediate consumption. Related arguments are that democracy is less conducive to long term stability (world Bank, 1991, pp. 132-133) or long term development ( Barro, 1996) because of the tendency in majority voting systems to enact rich to poor redistribution of income including land reforms. On the other hand, the compatibility thesis proffers that democratic features such as political pluralism, institutional checks and balances and freedom of the press provide safeguards against system abuse or predatory behavior often associated with authoritarian regimes. Friedman (1962) was one of the first to suggest that economic and political freedoms are mutually reinforcing. He postulated that an expansion in political freedom fosters economic freedoms such as secure property rights and certainty of contract, which, in turn, underpin higher rates of economic growth. As Barro( 1996) argues, of course there is nothing in principle preventing non-democratic governments from promoting economic freedoms. Examples of autocracies which have increased economic freedom include the Pinochet regime in chile and the Fujimora government in Peru. The point, though, made by advocates of the compatibility thesis is democracy is more likely to be conducive to promoting economic freedoms than au thoritarianism because the political legitimacy and therefore long term survival of a democracy depends on maintaining economic rights. The third perspective, which is the skeptical view, suggests there is no systematic relationship between democracy and economic growth. While it might generally be true that there is more economic freedom under a democracy than an autocracy, there is no guarantee it will be at an optimum ( Esposto and Zaleski. 1999). Even in a democracy there will be those whose aims is to challenges the private property status quo if it is in their best interests, and because of the very nature of a democracy they will have more opportunities to do so( Przewoki and Limongi, 1993). However, the empirical evidence on the three perspectives in not clear-cut. Sirowry and inkeles( 1990) review thirteen studies; of which, six supported the skeptical view, four suggested qualified or conditional relationships, and three provided unconditional support for the conflict perspective. In a later survey, Brunetti ( 1997) reviewed 17 empirical studies of the democracy-growth relationship. He found ( at p. 167) nine studies report no relationship, one study a positive, one study a negative, three studies a fragile negative relationship and three studies a fragile positive relationship between democracy and economic growth. Helliwell (1994), Barro (1996) and Tavares and Waczing (2001) found that democracy has either a non-significant or moderately weak negative effect on growth once other growth-determining variables are held constant. On the basis of the mixed findings in the literature, a reasonable conclusion is that: We do not know whether democracy fosters or hinders gr owth (Przewoki and Limongi, 1993, P.64). However, as a provision to this, the balance of empirical evidence is with the conflict and skeptical views rather than the compatibility view. Effect of growth on Democracy: Political scientists have examined the effect of the economic growth on democracy. Most studies have found that economic growth generates demands for political right ( Lipset, 1959; Bollen, 1979; Bollen and Jackman, 1985; Burkhart and Lewis-Beck, 1994). At one level, casual empiricism seems to also support the view that economic growth promotes democracy. As Gupta et al. ( 1998, pp. 589-590) note, all of the developed, industrialized nations have a democratic political system. In contrast, most of the nations in the poorest segment of the world community operate under various forms of non-democratic political system. However, This is not ture in a blanket sense. Casual observation also suggests that economic growth does not necessarily bring about a demand for democracy. There are examples of authoritarian regimes in Southeast Asia and the Middle East where citizens are willing to forego demand for political liberalization provided their economic needs are being met. In these instance there is a good argument that it is only when the authoritarians government stops delivering on the economic front that there are calls for more political rights. An example is the fall of the Suharto regime in Indonesia following the Asian financial crisis when spiraling inflation and unemployment prevented Suharto from delivering in the economic sphere. Glasure et al. ( 1999) obtain results that are consistent with this view. Their finding suggest that in developing countries and newly industrializing countries economic development has a significant effect on democratic performance, but contrary to Lipest( 1959) economic development leads to lower levels of democracy. Glasure et al. ( 1999, p. 475) conclude: The sign reversal may stem from the possibility that as nations strive for economic development, the nations tend to trade off democracy for economic development Discussion of the results: In the result using the Freedom House dataset, Botswana stands out as the one country where there is support for both the compatibility and Lipset hypothese, i.e. there is Granger causality between democracy and real GDP in the long run, and democracy and real GDP have a positive effect on each other. The results using the Beck et al. (2001) dataset confirm long-run Granger causality running from GDP to democracy and the GDP has positive effect on democracy. The democracy growth is well established in Botswana. The OECD (1999, p.29) posited: Political stability has result fromà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦favorable economic conditions. While this is true, Botswanas economic success has also been built on democratic tradition in which there are no narrow ethnic-based interest groups with distinct means of expression, which has avoided infighting over diamonds and other political issue (Wiseman, 1990). Of course, Botswana has been described as an African success story ( Acemoglu et al., 2001) with the highest growth rate of any country in the world between 1960 and 1999. From 1965 to 1973 Bostswanas annual rate of growth of GDP was 14.8% which was the highest in the world except for the high income oil rich Oman (21.9%). From 1973 to 1984 Botswanas annual growth rate was 10.7% which was the highest in the world, outstripping Asian Tigers, Hong Kong (9.1%) and Singapore ( 8.2%) (World Bank, 1986). Between 1980 and 1990 Botswana grew at 11%, also the highest in the world over this period, with China second at 10.3% per annum. From 1990 to 2003 Botswanas growth slowed to 5.2% but was still in the top dozen countries in the World Bank world Development indicators list of countries over this period (World Bank, 2005). Botswana is one of only a few African countries with a democratic tradition (Wiseman, 1990). It has had continuous democracy since obtaining independence in 1996. The disc overy of diamond mines has facilitated economic growth, but there is more to Botswanas success than simply having abundant natural resources. There is universal agreement that the Botswana government has used the revenue from diamonds to pursue good policies (See e.g Acemoglu et al., 2001). Conclusion: The aim of this paper was to review the accumulated evidence on the impact of the democracy on economic growth. Existing studies and authors of primary studies have drawn inferences from only a limited set of information and have failed to reach a decisive conclusion. In contrast, I apply analysis, critic to the pool of 6 studies with 10 published estimates of the democracy-growth associations, and are able to draw other variables conclusions. This in line with Bhagwatis (1995) prediction that democracy does not handicap development. Second, while the direct effect is found to be Zero, this research papers result indicates that democracy has significant indirect effects on growth through various channels. In particular, this study also finds that democracy has a favorable impact on human capital formation, on the level of economic freedom, inflation and political instability. However, This study also find that democracy is associated with greater government spending and less free int ernational trade. Third, while there is no evidence of a democracy-growth effect for all countries combined all together, there are clear regional effects. The available evidence suggests that democracy has a larger effect on economic growth in Latin America, and that this is lower in Asia. Moreover, it appears that there is country-specific effect like China. Fourth, by comparing the democracy-growth association to research conducted elsewhere on the economic freedom growth assocaiton( Doucouliagos and Ulubasoglu 2006), we find that democracys direct effect on growth is zero, while economic freedom has a positive direct effect. In short, this research paper conclude that the empirical evidence that has accumulate over the past 40 years points to a zero direct effect on growth and significant direct effects on growth through factor accumulation, economic freedom, inflation and openness, with an adverse effect through government spending. The net effect is that democracy does not harm economic performance. This analysis paper can be applied to other dimension of democracy. For example, the links between democracy and the level of development rather than growth, the channels through which democracy impacts on both growth and development, as well as the determinants of democracy, are all promising areas for future research analysis to make more inclusive result.

The Lewis And Clark Expedition :: essays research papers

American history is accompanied by a long list of explorers who first discovered and who explored the massive continent. All of the explorers had an impact on the development of America. The Lewis and Clark expedition, also known as the Corps of Discovery, stands prominently at the top part of this list. The Lewis and Clark Expedition has had a significant political, social, and economic effect on America. They were the first to map out the west and set off westward expansion. Without the success of the expedition growth of America would have taken five times as long, as predicted by Thomas Jefferson.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Expedition had a drastic political effect on The United States of America. The area in which the expedition was to explore was very close along Spanish territory and a portion of the expedition was in Spanish territory. The Spanish government was very uneasy with the Corps advancing towards them because they thought The United States was attacking them. They dispatched a small group to intercept the Corps however they nearly missed them. Another political impact was the now issue of Indian relations. America just acquired a great deal of land that was formerly owned by Indians and they now had to explain to them that the land was no longer theirs and that they were now a part of the United States. Indian relations would be fine until they were forced to move off their land. The United States had to set up a new branch of government just for Indian relations. Previous to the expedition there were only little issues of dealing with Indians.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Exploration of the west could have had the greatest economical impact on the United States ever. After the west had now been explored they realized they had a great deal of land that now had to be settled. The land was so vast and so cheap that it was sold for very low prices and sometimes just given away. This caused a huge surge of people to begin flowing west and sparked westward expansion. People began setting up farms and more and more people had opportunities to make a good living. Also people now had the chance to look for gold out west and the Gold Rush began. This is when America really had its boom. Lastly we now had twice as much if not more natural resources than we had before.

history :: essays research papers

Primary Documents Task 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  GNP: The total market value of all goods and services produced by a nation. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Economy: management of resources 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Culture: the arts, beliefs and customs of a group at a certain time 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Technology: application of scientific knowledge 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Social: living together in a community 6.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Political: structure or affairs of a government 1.Social History-, Charles Manson and the Sharon Tate murder and Abe Lincoln freed slaves, declaration of independence 2.Political History- JFK assassination, Pres. Clinton?s impeachment trial, Florida vote scandal. 3.Scientific/Technological History- Silicon Valley, Bill Gates Microsoft Empire, atom bomb 4.Economic History- stock market crash of the 30?s that led to the great depression, 5.Cultural History- Woodstock, martin Luther?s Lutheran church and Mardi gras 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What you think the document says in broad terms. We will not stand for an unjust govt 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To whom is the document written? To the king of England 3. Include examples of how the Declaration of Independence illustrates The five themes It explains the history of America from their time. How trade was cut off, how they were deprived trials and for quartering troops among their towns. Constitution: It was the setting up of laws and rules for their new country away from a king, with their own constitutional government. Amendments   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Amendment I [Religion, Speech, Press, Assembly, Petition (1791)] Amendment II [Right to Bear Arms (1791)] Amendment III [Quartering of Troops (1791)] Amendment IV [Search and Seizure (1791)] Amendment V [Grand Jury, Double Jeopardy, Self-Incrimination, Due Process (1791)] Amendment VI [Criminal Prosecutions - Jury Trial, Right to Confront and to Counsel (1791)] Amendment VII [Common Law Suits - Jury Trial (1791)] Amendment VIII [Excess Bail or Fines, Cruel and Unusual Punishment (1791)] Amendment IX [Non-Enumerated Rights (1791)] Amendment X [Rights Reserved to States (1791)] 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Military figures show that the number of people dismissed from the military for reasons related to homosexuality rose last year to the highest total since 1987. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Donald Blom and the fact that he no longer has a right to bear arms due to his criminal record is very likely that he will go to prison for bearing arms 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Not up to date 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  uuu 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When Bethe Feltman killed her two young children in Jefferson County in 1998, the prosecution and defense lawyers agreed she was insane, no jury decided her fate and no one ever argued that she should be put to death. The Rocky Mountain News reports. 6.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When Bethe Feltman killed her two young children in Jefferson County in 1998, the prosecution and defense lawyers agreed she was insane, no jury decided her fate and no one ever argued that she should be put to death. history :: essays research papers Primary Documents Task 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  GNP: The total market value of all goods and services produced by a nation. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Economy: management of resources 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Culture: the arts, beliefs and customs of a group at a certain time 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Technology: application of scientific knowledge 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Social: living together in a community 6.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Political: structure or affairs of a government 1.Social History-, Charles Manson and the Sharon Tate murder and Abe Lincoln freed slaves, declaration of independence 2.Political History- JFK assassination, Pres. Clinton?s impeachment trial, Florida vote scandal. 3.Scientific/Technological History- Silicon Valley, Bill Gates Microsoft Empire, atom bomb 4.Economic History- stock market crash of the 30?s that led to the great depression, 5.Cultural History- Woodstock, martin Luther?s Lutheran church and Mardi gras 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What you think the document says in broad terms. We will not stand for an unjust govt 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To whom is the document written? To the king of England 3. Include examples of how the Declaration of Independence illustrates The five themes It explains the history of America from their time. How trade was cut off, how they were deprived trials and for quartering troops among their towns. Constitution: It was the setting up of laws and rules for their new country away from a king, with their own constitutional government. Amendments   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Amendment I [Religion, Speech, Press, Assembly, Petition (1791)] Amendment II [Right to Bear Arms (1791)] Amendment III [Quartering of Troops (1791)] Amendment IV [Search and Seizure (1791)] Amendment V [Grand Jury, Double Jeopardy, Self-Incrimination, Due Process (1791)] Amendment VI [Criminal Prosecutions - Jury Trial, Right to Confront and to Counsel (1791)] Amendment VII [Common Law Suits - Jury Trial (1791)] Amendment VIII [Excess Bail or Fines, Cruel and Unusual Punishment (1791)] Amendment IX [Non-Enumerated Rights (1791)] Amendment X [Rights Reserved to States (1791)] 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Military figures show that the number of people dismissed from the military for reasons related to homosexuality rose last year to the highest total since 1987. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Donald Blom and the fact that he no longer has a right to bear arms due to his criminal record is very likely that he will go to prison for bearing arms 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Not up to date 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  uuu 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When Bethe Feltman killed her two young children in Jefferson County in 1998, the prosecution and defense lawyers agreed she was insane, no jury decided her fate and no one ever argued that she should be put to death. The Rocky Mountain News reports. 6.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When Bethe Feltman killed her two young children in Jefferson County in 1998, the prosecution and defense lawyers agreed she was insane, no jury decided her fate and no one ever argued that she should be put to death.

Mariano Azuela’s the Underdogs

Mariano Azuela’s The Underdogs, is about a brotherhood of the Mexican people taking a journey with only one thing on their mind; revenge against Huerta and the Federales. In this story, we as the reader are confronted with characters, such as Demetrio Macias, who is destined to lead his people into the depths of retaining an incorrupt lifestyle and hopes to find peace from the effect of war. Although Demetrio is seen as one of the main characters in the novel, we are also briefly engaged in the other revolutionary forces under Pancho Villa, Carranza, Obregon, and by peasants under Zapata.These appositional forces gain strength against the Huerta government as well. The Underdogs almost symbolizes a Robin Hood story, in which, Demetrio and his peasant guerrilla forces revolt against a higher commanding army of the government, that relies on corrupting the lives of innocent people. After reading the novel, the appendix which follows, brought on a wide range of comparisons and co ntrasts between the fictional story and the real events of the Mexican Revolution.To begin, The Underdogs is depicted as a â€Å"circulatory novel† in which, Azuela suggests that Demetrio and his men never make any progress geographically, but instead are going around in circles. We can only assume that Azuela does this on purpose to make room for what he thinks is a literary connection between the story and the Revolution, in saying that the Revolution was ineffective and unsuccessful(p. 93). Although this example does not really tie into a universal agreement with the effects on the Mexican Revolution, it is interesting to gain an understanding on where Azeula’s thoughts are within his novel.However, the debate arises when the topic of ‘ignorance and confusion’ is introduced. The appendix argues that Demetrio and his army do not obtain a revolutionary mind set when it comes to fighting the Federales. Instead, they have more of a personal response. For ex ample, one of the rebellious peasants under Demetrio, whose name is Guero Margarito, says â€Å"He[General Orozco] slapped my face when I was a waiter at Delmonico’s in Chihuaha†(p. 62). We as the reader are submitted into a personal motivation that is driving Guero to take part in this Revolution.We are also informed in the beginning of the novel that Demetrio has a personal reason for joining up with the rebel forces, when he was persecuted by a powerful landowner and political boss. There also lies a demoralization within Demetrio pertaining to revolutionary decisions. At one point he says, â€Å"Truth is I don’t understand these here politics†(p. 71) and at another point in the story, he shows a puzzling understanding toward General Natera when Demetrio is asked if he’s going to side with Villa or Carranza.Both of these examples equally show Demetrios fundamental comprehension of the Revolution, which further justifies his participation in it f or personal reasons rather than political ones. Azuela also dramatizes on the caudillismo, which means, the tendency to follow the lead of strong men because of personal allegiance rather than political conviction. We see that Demetrio is a strong follower of this definition, in that he will gladly do what a strong man, such as Natera, will command him to do, without having to understand any political bounds.In comparison to the novel to the history, it is true that Demetrio and his men were very poor and unequipped when it came to uniforms and weapons, as opposed to the Federales who did obtain a more bountiful amount of armory and new technological advances, such as the machine gun, which played a hefty role in demolishing the rebel forces. In contrast to the heavy duty weapons that the Federales acquired, the Mexican rebels only had the tools that they secured off of the enemy dead, like knives, homemade weapons and the limited amount of rifles.Through the novel, Azuela writes as if we are seeing a small yet brave army with knives stand tall and victorious over a much larger group of soldiers with machine guns. However, when we read about a past historical battle between the rebels and the Federales, a revolutionary officer named Solis tells of how his soldiers were â€Å"mown down by the machine gun fire†(p. 97). But, in the story, we read that Demetrio and his soldiers charge up a hill and knife the Federales, while Demetrio â€Å"lassoes machine guns, roping them as if they were wild bulls†(p. 43).We can only accept Azuela’s decision to make it seem like the rebel forces had a chance against the Federales when indeed, they had a very slim possibility in succeeding. Although Azuela leaves out some true historical events, the appendix comments on how Azuela’s unique and descriptive style of writing still leaves a meaningful connection between the novel and the reader. For example, in one passage, Azuela describes the Villista ai rplanes in action, referring to them as something the peasants in Mexico can relate to. He first compares them to a canoe, then to an automobile, and then to bombs to the act of feeding chickens.However, it is important to note that Villa and his legendary Division del Norte are never seen in the novel, but the appendix does not argue that Azuela’s writing is very rich in respect to connecting the reader’s perception of war with his words. This also generates the panoramic atmosphere that Azuela brings across in his writing when really he is rather focusing on a limited scope(p. 98). â€Å"Azuela’s main focus in the novel is not trained on the vast historical sweep or ideological intricacies of the Revolution; his deepest interest is in its most humble protagonists†(p. 99).This quote from the appendix invites a very important question; what was Azuela thinking when he named the book, The Underdogs? Demetrio and his men are against all odds of winning the Mexican Revolution, but if we think about this question in a wider retrospect, when we actually begin to understand Demetrio or Luis Cervantes’s character even, we would agree with the appendix that these men are nothing compared to underdogs. Yes, they have come from the bottom of society, however, they are now fighting for something that they believe in, their interests, and â€Å"they are on the winning side†(p. 9). The reader is brought into a view of men who have decided to meet and rise into arms against the corruptions and injustices of their lives. In reconnecting back to the panoramic statement, the appendix comments on Azuela’s approach on fragmenting his writing and lacking history within the Revolution. Within this technique, he decides to write about the things that he himself witnessed and merely ignores the experiences of famous leaders of the Revolution like Villa, Carranza, Obregon or Zapata.Even when General Natera is in a scene with Demetrio, Azuela simply does not paint any interesting emotion within his character. Instead, Azuela is clearly focused on connecting the reader with the underdogs in any chance he gets. The appendix describes that, â€Å"Their faces, expressions, actions, thoughts, hopes, and fears fill the pages of the novel†(p. 100). Azuela has also been deliberately attacked with accusations regarding his misunderstanding of the Mexican Revolution in regards to his fragmentary approach to writing The Underdogs.However, he simply explained in an interview that he was just trying to show â€Å"the forest and not the trees† or the ignorance of the abuses and the personal benefit from the Revolution(p. 101). In this case, Azuela did succeed. In reading Anita Brenner’s Review of the novel, she says that it is an â€Å"isolated masterpiece† however, she fears that there are still flaws within the novel. For example, she feels as though the story races and does not build like his othe r ones.She thinks that a foreign reader of Azuela’s work would â€Å"mistake fatigue for futility† and come to the conclusion that these rebel forces of men would have been killed for no practical purposes when their lives signified a spiritual change(p. 118). Since Azuela is not categorized as a post-revolutionary idealist, a reader may think that these men died for a less heroic cause, when this isn’t true at all. Brenner also comments on the lack of feeling she gets when reading the English version of the novel as opposed to the Spanish version.She ends with awkward and misunderstood phrases that the translator decided to use and remarks on how the â€Å"greatest modern book can only be retained in its true Spanish tongue†(p. 119). In conclusion, The Underdogs, by Mariana Azuela symbolizes a double-edged sword. In one viewing, it foreshadows the succession that Azuela mirrors within his words as applying a distinct focus on the protagonists; the pictur esque and real emotions depicted by Demetrio and his army. And in a second, more authentic notion, almost fails to unite with the Mexican Revolution through Azuela’s fragmentation approach and limit on historical events.

Should Animal Rights Activists Be Held Accountable for Abuse Videos? Essay

The animal rights discourse is one of the structural characteristics of modern rational pluralism as well as one of the ironically legitimate discourses of post-modern civilization. From a sympathetic understanding point of view, we should elucidate Tom Reagan’s strong point of view and Mary Anne Warren’s weak point of view regarding animal rights. It is in our nature to uncover the limits as well as legitimize the value appeals of animals and indicate that we can clarify our duties by taking the discussion of animal rights seriously. Therefore, indeed, animals have rights so along as they live, breath and walk among us. There is much debate as to whether non-human animals should be awarded rights and to what extent these rights reach. However, there is much less disagreement in accepting that indeed animals do have rights, as opposed to the opposite. The line between animal and human rights is not unclear like most simple minds tend to reason. A line is drawn and it includes factors that cannot be ignored at all. Simple minds do not understand that the very essence of animals living and breathing as well as walking among us is that we are just like them, only that we are more evolved. Quite strangely, sometimes in this life you will find individuals who are no better than the creatures they deny rights. Although the idea for animal rights dates back to the 18th century, it has only become something more or less of a cause caliber among several well-placed intellectuals and philosophers. Jeremy Bentham seems to have put animal rights on the legal map by requiring the humane treatment of animals. It is important to note that Jeremy in his arguments does not support animal rights per se. In the book â€Å"the case for animal rights† (UC press, 1983), the idea of animal rights is found to be intellectually congenial but the idea extends to placing animals close to humans in the evolutionary cycle. Times that are more recent have brought to light a different tradition, namely, the utilitarianism. The emergence of animal liberation emerged with a big bang. The concept is the same but the argument has been tweaked a little bit to cover the idea of animal rights in general. The scope does not propose animal domination, but rather the animals are well off in their lives. The essay will maintain that animals have rights and have a need to be liberated. We will argue that another point of view from this is a mistake. Philosophers have avoided arguing that not all non-human animals should have rights for two major reasons. The first is because the consequences of doing so are limiting for humanity. The second reason is that the granting of such rights to creatures so simple makes the idea of granting them such rights seem to lack sense. One such leading author restricts such rights to mentally healthy animals, which are then referred to as ‘adult animals’ (Pallota, 20). Therefore, the argument is presented in three simple facts. The first is that human beings have rights; the second fact is that there is no moral difference between humans and adult animals and the third one indicates that the adult animals should have rights, as well. The main argument for this is that both human beings and adult mammals are subject of life. This means that there are several factors that liken all mammals without putting one on a pedestal. The factors include; both are similar in terms of biological complexity, they are both aware of their existence. In addition, they know what’s happening to them, they prefer some things to others, they make conscious choices, they try to plan their lives, and finally that the length of their life matters to them. Just like human beings, being the subject of a life means that we are of inherent value. Inherent value is not measured in how useful we are in the world and as well, it does not diminish if they are a burden to others. Therefore, adult animals should be afforded rights just as humans. In this lifetime, we cannot all agree on the same thing no matter how irrefutable your facts are. In the case of animal rights, there are more than a few arguments put forward. Some of these reasons include said facts such as; they do not think they are not conscious; they were put on this earth to serve man. In addition, they have no souls, they do not behave morally, they are not members of a moral community, they lack the capacity of free judgment and finally, they do not think. For instance, St. Thomas Aquinas records that animals respond to instinct while humans engage in rational thought. This is oddly debatable because there are some humans who do not listen nor react to reason. An article in the New York Times dated 5th April 2012 states that providing animals with rights is c categorical mistake in the philosophy. It also states, â€Å"Eagerness to treat animals kindly does not justify imposing one’s hopes and dreams for them on humans† (Tibor, 12). Religion, on the other hand, teaches that it is only human beings with souls should deserve ethical considerations. Since non-human animals have no soul, then they are not entitled to having any moral rights. This argument is not useful because there are many controversies in the concept of a soul. It is not humanly possible to establish the existence of a soul in human beings or animals in a definitive experimental manner. In conclusion, it is only sane and morally right to remember that it is in the nature of man to uncover the limits and at the same time legitimize the value appeals of non- human animals. It is only morally right to take animal rights seriously so long as we walk breath and live on this earth with the animals. Animals deserve the decency of clean habitats, food, water and medication. It is their right as dictated by nature, long before man made up his own rules that seeks to make him superior to any other being on this planet. Animals used to roam the earth long before man became civilized and they had their own rules. Man and animal might have had a few run-ins, but we lived together. Unlike the simple minds who might think that we are referring to constitutional rights, animals deserve to live comfortably like nature intended for man and animal to co-exist. What matters is that we understand and treat the animals with humanity, after all, only humans can show humanity. As they say, we are all insane, what differentiates us is the level of insanity. In the same respect, we are all animals, what separates us is the level of evolution. References â€Å"Animal Rights Debate.† BBC News. BBC, n.d. Web. 30 Mar. 2014. . â€Å"Animals do not have Rights.† The NY Times. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 Apr. 2014. . Cody, Shyann. â€Å"Concern for the Animals.† Countryside & Small Stock Journal 1 Nov. 2012: 45-57. Print. â€Å"Should Animal Rights Activists Be Held Accountable for Abuse Videos?.† BEEF 26 Nov. 2013: 67-105. Print. Source document